14 research outputs found

    Deciphering the Theobroma cacao self-incompatibility system: from genomics to diagnostic markers for self-compatibility

    Full text link
    Cocoa self-compatibility is an important yield factor and has been described as being controlled by a late gameto-sporophytic system expressed only at the level of the embryo sac. It results in gametic non-fusion and involves several loci. In this work, we identified two loci, located on chromosomes 1 and 4 (CH1 and CH4), involved in cocoa self-incompatibility by two different processes. Both loci are responsible for gametic selection, but only one (the CH4 locus) is involved in the main fruit drop. The CH1 locus acts prior to the gamete fusion step and independently of the CH4 locus. Using fine-mapping and genome-wide association studies, we focused analyses on restricted regions and identified candidate genes. Some of them showed a differential expression between incompatible and compatible reactions. Immunolocalization experiments provided evidence of CH1 candidate genes expressed in ovule and style tissues. Highly polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) diagnostic markers were designed in the CH4 region that had been identified by fine-mapping. They are characterized by a strong linkage disequilibrium with incompatibility alleles, thus allowing the development of efficient diagnostic markers predicting self-compatibility and fruit setting according to the presence of specific alleles or genotypes. SSR alleles specific to self-compatible Amelonado and Criollo varieties were also identified, thus allowing screening for self-compatible plants in cocoa populations. (Résumé d'auteur

    Contribution Ă  l’étude des dĂ©terminants gĂ©nĂ©tiques et biochimiques des arĂŽmes des cacaos fins d’Equateur : Le Nacional, de la diversitĂ© aromatique de sa population d’origine jusqu’à sa domestication rĂ©cente

    No full text
    Theobroma cacao is a tree native to the Latin America humid tropical regions. It is cultivated for its beans, which are used to produce chocolate. The Nacional variety, native to Ecuador, is a fine cocoa variety known for its floral and spicy aromas, called "Arriba" flavour. The genetic and biochemical determinants of the development of its flavours remain poorly understood. The work of this thesis focused on the study of the genetic and biochemical determinants of the aromas of Ecuadorian fine cocoa in order to contribute to the knowledge in this area.The first part of the study was carried out using a population of modern Nacional cocoa trees, which is the variety of Nacional currently grown in Ecuador. Association studies were carried out on the whole genome and focused on the analysis of volatile compounds related to floral and fruity aromas (fresh and dried fruits) contained in the beans before and after roasting, as well as on the results of sensory analyses of liquors. This first study showed that the floral aromas of Nacional were mainly synthesized through two biosynthetic pathways: the monoterpene biosynthetic and the L-phenylalanine degradation pathways. The results related to fruity flavours highlighted five major metabolic pathways: the monoterpene biosynthetic pathway, the degradation of L-phenylalanine, sugars, fatty acids and proteins pathways. Candidate genes encoding enzymes involved in these metabolic pathways were identified in the corresponding association areas.The modern Nacional variety is the result of several generations of crosses between Trinitarios (hybrids between Amelonado and Criollo) and the ancestral Nacional, so, involving three contracted ancestors. The effect of this recent domestication stage on the aromas of the modern Nacional variety was studied. Using genotyping data from the 3 reference ancestors and GWAS results for all quality traits (volatile and non-volatile compounds, sensory analysis); it was possible to determine the origin of the alleles with a positive effect on aroma in the different association areas. This study showed that all founders contributed alleles favourable to the synthesis of quality aromas (floral, fruity ...) but also to the synthesis of defects (bitterness, astringency
). We were able to show that the association zones linked to favourable aromas and those linked to defects were not genetically linked. It is therefore possible to select the areas of interest for the flavours while counter-selecting the areas that bring defects.The second part of this study focused on the analysis of the flavours of a population of cocoa trees native to Amazonia, and to the area of origin of the Nacional ancestral variety. In this study, GWAS analyses were also performed on all the quality traits analysed previously. Ninety seven candidate genes, are common to both populations analysed. New volatile compounds and new association zones were also detected, showing the greater diversity and aromatic richness of these new genetic resources and their interest in the creation of new aromatic varieties adapted to the Amazon.Finally, a GWAS study on non-volatile compounds, sensory traits linked to bitterness and astringency, as well as fat and protein contents, was also carried out on the two populations. Candidate genes linked to the caffeine biosynthetic pathway and that of polyphenols, or linked to the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway have been observed in the association areas.Theobroma cacao est un arbre originaire des rĂ©gions tropicales humides d’AmĂ©rique latine. Il est cultivĂ© pour ses fĂšves qui permettent la production de chocolat. Le Nacional, originaire d’Equateur, est une variĂ©tĂ© de cacao fin connue pour ses arĂŽmes floraux et Ă©picĂ©es, appelĂ©e saveur « Arriba ». Les mĂ©canismes de la synthĂšse de ses arĂŽmes restent peu connus. Les travaux de cette thĂšse ont portĂ© sur l’étude des dĂ©terminants gĂ©nĂ©tiques et biochimiques des arĂŽmes des cacaos fins Ă©quatoriens afin d’initier de contribuer aux connaissances dans ce domaine.Une premiĂšre partie de l’étude a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e Ă  partir d’une population de cacaoyer de type Nacional moderne, qui est la variĂ©tĂ© de Nacional actuellement cultivĂ©e. Des Ă©tudes d’associations ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es sur l’ensemble du gĂ©nome (GWAS) et ont portĂ© sur l’analyse des composĂ©s volatils relatifs aux arĂŽme floraux et fruitĂ©s (fruits frais et fruits secs) contenus dans les fĂšves, avant et aprĂšs torrĂ©faction, ainsi que, sur des rĂ©sultats d’analyses sensorielles de liqueurs. Cette premiĂšre Ă©tude a pu montrer que les arĂŽmes floraux du Nacional Ă©taient principalement synthĂ©tisĂ©s grĂące Ă  deux voies de biosynthĂšse: celle des monoterpĂšnes et la voie de dĂ©gradation du L-phĂ©nylalanine. Les rĂ©sultats relatifs aux arĂŽmes fruitĂ©s ont permis de mettre en lumiĂšre cinq voies mĂ©taboliques majeures: la voie de biosynthĂšse des monoterpĂšnes, les voies de dĂ©gradations du L-phĂ©nylalanine, des sucres, des acides gras et des protĂ©ines. Des gĂšnes candidats codant pour des enzymes impliquĂ©s dans ces voies mĂ©taboliques ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s dans les zones d’associations correspondantes.La variĂ©tĂ© Nacional moderne est issue de diverses gĂ©nĂ©rations de croisements entre des Trinitario (hybrides Amelonado/Criollo) et le Nacional ancestral, mettant ainsi en jeu 3 ancĂȘtres contrastĂ©s. L’effet de cette Ă©tape de domestication rĂ©cente sur les arĂŽmes de la variĂ©tĂ© Nacional moderne a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©. GrĂące aux donnĂ©es de gĂ©notypage des trois ancĂȘtres de rĂ©fĂ©rence et aux rĂ©sultats des GWAS portant sur l’ensemble des caractĂšres de qualitĂ© (composĂ©s volatils et non-volatils, analyses sensorielles), il a Ă©tĂ© possible de dĂ©terminer l’origine des allĂšles ayant un effet positif sur les arĂŽmes dans les diffĂ©rentes zones d’associations. Cette Ă©tude a montrĂ© que l’ensemble des ancĂȘtres fondateurs ont apportĂ© des allĂšles favorables Ă  la synthĂšse d’arĂŽmes de qualitĂ© (floraux, fruitĂ©s, 
) mais aussi Ă  la synthĂšse de dĂ©fauts (amertume, astringence, 
). Nous avons pu montrer que les zones d’associations en lien avec les arĂŽmes de qualitĂ© et celles avec les dĂ©fauts n’étaient pas liĂ©es gĂ©nĂ©tiquement. Il est donc possible de sĂ©lectionner les zones d’intĂ©rĂȘts pour les arĂŽmes tout en contre-sĂ©lectionnant les zones apportant des dĂ©fauts.La deuxiĂšme partie de cette Ă©tude a portĂ© sur l’analyse des arĂŽmes d’une population de cacaoyers natifs d’Amazonie et issus de la zone d’origine de la variĂ©tĂ© Nacional ancestral. Dans cette Ă©tude, des analyses GWAS ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©es sur l’ensemble des caractĂšres de qualitĂ© analysĂ©s prĂ©cĂ©demment. Quatre vingt dix sept gĂšnes candidats sont communs aux deux populations analysĂ©es. De nouveaux composĂ©s volatils ainsi que de nouvelles zones d’associations ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© dĂ©tectĂ©es montrant ainsi une plus grande diversitĂ© et richesse aromatique de ces nouvelles ressources gĂ©nĂ©tiques et leur intĂ©rĂȘt pour la crĂ©ation de nouvelles variĂ©tĂ©s aromatiques adaptĂ©es Ă  l’Amazonie.Enfin, une Ă©tude GWAS sur les composĂ©s non-volatils, les caractĂšres sensoriels liĂ©s Ă  l’amertume et Ă  l’astringence, ainsi que la teneur en matiĂšre grasse et en protĂ©ines, a Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e sur les deux populations. Des gĂšnes candidats en lien avec la voie de biosynthĂšse de la cafĂ©ine et celle des polyphĂ©nols, ou en lien avec la voie de biosynthĂšse des acides gras ont pu ĂȘtre observĂ©s dans les zones d’associations

    Contribution to the study of the genetic and biochemical determinants of Ecuadorian fine cocoa : Nacional, from the aromatic diversity of its original population to its recent domestication

    No full text
    Theobroma cacao est un arbre originaire des rĂ©gions tropicales humides d’AmĂ©rique latine. Il est cultivĂ© pour ses fĂšves qui permettent la production de chocolat. Le Nacional, originaire d’Equateur, est une variĂ©tĂ© de cacao fin connue pour ses arĂŽmes floraux et Ă©picĂ©es, appelĂ©e saveur « Arriba ». Les mĂ©canismes de la synthĂšse de ses arĂŽmes restent peu connus. Les travaux de cette thĂšse ont portĂ© sur l’étude des dĂ©terminants gĂ©nĂ©tiques et biochimiques des arĂŽmes des cacaos fins Ă©quatoriens afin d’initier de contribuer aux connaissances dans ce domaine.Une premiĂšre partie de l’étude a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e Ă  partir d’une population de cacaoyer de type Nacional moderne, qui est la variĂ©tĂ© de Nacional actuellement cultivĂ©e. Des Ă©tudes d’associations ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es sur l’ensemble du gĂ©nome (GWAS) et ont portĂ© sur l’analyse des composĂ©s volatils relatifs aux arĂŽme floraux et fruitĂ©s (fruits frais et fruits secs) contenus dans les fĂšves, avant et aprĂšs torrĂ©faction, ainsi que, sur des rĂ©sultats d’analyses sensorielles de liqueurs. Cette premiĂšre Ă©tude a pu montrer que les arĂŽmes floraux du Nacional Ă©taient principalement synthĂ©tisĂ©s grĂące Ă  deux voies de biosynthĂšse: celle des monoterpĂšnes et la voie de dĂ©gradation du L-phĂ©nylalanine. Les rĂ©sultats relatifs aux arĂŽmes fruitĂ©s ont permis de mettre en lumiĂšre cinq voies mĂ©taboliques majeures: la voie de biosynthĂšse des monoterpĂšnes, les voies de dĂ©gradations du L-phĂ©nylalanine, des sucres, des acides gras et des protĂ©ines. Des gĂšnes candidats codant pour des enzymes impliquĂ©s dans ces voies mĂ©taboliques ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s dans les zones d’associations correspondantes.La variĂ©tĂ© Nacional moderne est issue de diverses gĂ©nĂ©rations de croisements entre des Trinitario (hybrides Amelonado/Criollo) et le Nacional ancestral, mettant ainsi en jeu 3 ancĂȘtres contrastĂ©s. L’effet de cette Ă©tape de domestication rĂ©cente sur les arĂŽmes de la variĂ©tĂ© Nacional moderne a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©. GrĂące aux donnĂ©es de gĂ©notypage des trois ancĂȘtres de rĂ©fĂ©rence et aux rĂ©sultats des GWAS portant sur l’ensemble des caractĂšres de qualitĂ© (composĂ©s volatils et non-volatils, analyses sensorielles), il a Ă©tĂ© possible de dĂ©terminer l’origine des allĂšles ayant un effet positif sur les arĂŽmes dans les diffĂ©rentes zones d’associations. Cette Ă©tude a montrĂ© que l’ensemble des ancĂȘtres fondateurs ont apportĂ© des allĂšles favorables Ă  la synthĂšse d’arĂŽmes de qualitĂ© (floraux, fruitĂ©s, 
) mais aussi Ă  la synthĂšse de dĂ©fauts (amertume, astringence, 
). Nous avons pu montrer que les zones d’associations en lien avec les arĂŽmes de qualitĂ© et celles avec les dĂ©fauts n’étaient pas liĂ©es gĂ©nĂ©tiquement. Il est donc possible de sĂ©lectionner les zones d’intĂ©rĂȘts pour les arĂŽmes tout en contre-sĂ©lectionnant les zones apportant des dĂ©fauts.La deuxiĂšme partie de cette Ă©tude a portĂ© sur l’analyse des arĂŽmes d’une population de cacaoyers natifs d’Amazonie et issus de la zone d’origine de la variĂ©tĂ© Nacional ancestral. Dans cette Ă©tude, des analyses GWAS ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©es sur l’ensemble des caractĂšres de qualitĂ© analysĂ©s prĂ©cĂ©demment. Quatre vingt dix sept gĂšnes candidats sont communs aux deux populations analysĂ©es. De nouveaux composĂ©s volatils ainsi que de nouvelles zones d’associations ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© dĂ©tectĂ©es montrant ainsi une plus grande diversitĂ© et richesse aromatique de ces nouvelles ressources gĂ©nĂ©tiques et leur intĂ©rĂȘt pour la crĂ©ation de nouvelles variĂ©tĂ©s aromatiques adaptĂ©es Ă  l’Amazonie.Enfin, une Ă©tude GWAS sur les composĂ©s non-volatils, les caractĂšres sensoriels liĂ©s Ă  l’amertume et Ă  l’astringence, ainsi que la teneur en matiĂšre grasse et en protĂ©ines, a Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e sur les deux populations. Des gĂšnes candidats en lien avec la voie de biosynthĂšse de la cafĂ©ine et celle des polyphĂ©nols, ou en lien avec la voie de biosynthĂšse des acides gras ont pu ĂȘtre observĂ©s dans les zones d’associations.Theobroma cacao is a tree native to the Latin America humid tropical regions. It is cultivated for its beans, which are used to produce chocolate. The Nacional variety, native to Ecuador, is a fine cocoa variety known for its floral and spicy aromas, called "Arriba" flavour. The genetic and biochemical determinants of the development of its flavours remain poorly understood. The work of this thesis focused on the study of the genetic and biochemical determinants of the aromas of Ecuadorian fine cocoa in order to contribute to the knowledge in this area.The first part of the study was carried out using a population of modern Nacional cocoa trees, which is the variety of Nacional currently grown in Ecuador. Association studies were carried out on the whole genome and focused on the analysis of volatile compounds related to floral and fruity aromas (fresh and dried fruits) contained in the beans before and after roasting, as well as on the results of sensory analyses of liquors. This first study showed that the floral aromas of Nacional were mainly synthesized through two biosynthetic pathways: the monoterpene biosynthetic and the L-phenylalanine degradation pathways. The results related to fruity flavours highlighted five major metabolic pathways: the monoterpene biosynthetic pathway, the degradation of L-phenylalanine, sugars, fatty acids and proteins pathways. Candidate genes encoding enzymes involved in these metabolic pathways were identified in the corresponding association areas.The modern Nacional variety is the result of several generations of crosses between Trinitarios (hybrids between Amelonado and Criollo) and the ancestral Nacional, so, involving three contracted ancestors. The effect of this recent domestication stage on the aromas of the modern Nacional variety was studied. Using genotyping data from the 3 reference ancestors and GWAS results for all quality traits (volatile and non-volatile compounds, sensory analysis); it was possible to determine the origin of the alleles with a positive effect on aroma in the different association areas. This study showed that all founders contributed alleles favourable to the synthesis of quality aromas (floral, fruity ...) but also to the synthesis of defects (bitterness, astringency
). We were able to show that the association zones linked to favourable aromas and those linked to defects were not genetically linked. It is therefore possible to select the areas of interest for the flavours while counter-selecting the areas that bring defects.The second part of this study focused on the analysis of the flavours of a population of cocoa trees native to Amazonia, and to the area of origin of the Nacional ancestral variety. In this study, GWAS analyses were also performed on all the quality traits analysed previously. Ninety seven candidate genes, are common to both populations analysed. New volatile compounds and new association zones were also detected, showing the greater diversity and aromatic richness of these new genetic resources and their interest in the creation of new aromatic varieties adapted to the Amazon.Finally, a GWAS study on non-volatile compounds, sensory traits linked to bitterness and astringency, as well as fat and protein contents, was also carried out on the two populations. Candidate genes linked to the caffeine biosynthetic pathway and that of polyphenols, or linked to the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway have been observed in the association areas

    Contribution Ă  l’étude des dĂ©terminants gĂ©nĂ©tiques et biochimiques des arĂŽmes des cacaos fins d’Equateur : Le Nacional, de la diversitĂ© aromatique de sa population d’origine jusqu’à sa domestication rĂ©cente

    No full text
    Theobroma cacao is a tree native to the Latin America humid tropical regions. It is cultivated for its beans, which are used to produce chocolate. The Nacional variety, native to Ecuador, is a fine cocoa variety known for its floral and spicy aromas, called "Arriba" flavour. The genetic and biochemical determinants of the development of its flavours remain poorly understood. The work of this thesis focused on the study of the genetic and biochemical determinants of the aromas of Ecuadorian fine cocoa in order to contribute to the knowledge in this area.The first part of the study was carried out using a population of modern Nacional cocoa trees, which is the variety of Nacional currently grown in Ecuador. Association studies were carried out on the whole genome and focused on the analysis of volatile compounds related to floral and fruity aromas (fresh and dried fruits) contained in the beans before and after roasting, as well as on the results of sensory analyses of liquors. This first study showed that the floral aromas of Nacional were mainly synthesized through two biosynthetic pathways: the monoterpene biosynthetic and the L-phenylalanine degradation pathways. The results related to fruity flavours highlighted five major metabolic pathways: the monoterpene biosynthetic pathway, the degradation of L-phenylalanine, sugars, fatty acids and proteins pathways. Candidate genes encoding enzymes involved in these metabolic pathways were identified in the corresponding association areas.The modern Nacional variety is the result of several generations of crosses between Trinitarios (hybrids between Amelonado and Criollo) and the ancestral Nacional, so, involving three contracted ancestors. The effect of this recent domestication stage on the aromas of the modern Nacional variety was studied. Using genotyping data from the 3 reference ancestors and GWAS results for all quality traits (volatile and non-volatile compounds, sensory analysis); it was possible to determine the origin of the alleles with a positive effect on aroma in the different association areas. This study showed that all founders contributed alleles favourable to the synthesis of quality aromas (floral, fruity ...) but also to the synthesis of defects (bitterness, astringency
). We were able to show that the association zones linked to favourable aromas and those linked to defects were not genetically linked. It is therefore possible to select the areas of interest for the flavours while counter-selecting the areas that bring defects.The second part of this study focused on the analysis of the flavours of a population of cocoa trees native to Amazonia, and to the area of origin of the Nacional ancestral variety. In this study, GWAS analyses were also performed on all the quality traits analysed previously. Ninety seven candidate genes, are common to both populations analysed. New volatile compounds and new association zones were also detected, showing the greater diversity and aromatic richness of these new genetic resources and their interest in the creation of new aromatic varieties adapted to the Amazon.Finally, a GWAS study on non-volatile compounds, sensory traits linked to bitterness and astringency, as well as fat and protein contents, was also carried out on the two populations. Candidate genes linked to the caffeine biosynthetic pathway and that of polyphenols, or linked to the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway have been observed in the association areas.Theobroma cacao est un arbre originaire des rĂ©gions tropicales humides d’AmĂ©rique latine. Il est cultivĂ© pour ses fĂšves qui permettent la production de chocolat. Le Nacional, originaire d’Equateur, est une variĂ©tĂ© de cacao fin connue pour ses arĂŽmes floraux et Ă©picĂ©es, appelĂ©e saveur « Arriba ». Les mĂ©canismes de la synthĂšse de ses arĂŽmes restent peu connus. Les travaux de cette thĂšse ont portĂ© sur l’étude des dĂ©terminants gĂ©nĂ©tiques et biochimiques des arĂŽmes des cacaos fins Ă©quatoriens afin d’initier de contribuer aux connaissances dans ce domaine.Une premiĂšre partie de l’étude a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e Ă  partir d’une population de cacaoyer de type Nacional moderne, qui est la variĂ©tĂ© de Nacional actuellement cultivĂ©e. Des Ă©tudes d’associations ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es sur l’ensemble du gĂ©nome (GWAS) et ont portĂ© sur l’analyse des composĂ©s volatils relatifs aux arĂŽme floraux et fruitĂ©s (fruits frais et fruits secs) contenus dans les fĂšves, avant et aprĂšs torrĂ©faction, ainsi que, sur des rĂ©sultats d’analyses sensorielles de liqueurs. Cette premiĂšre Ă©tude a pu montrer que les arĂŽmes floraux du Nacional Ă©taient principalement synthĂ©tisĂ©s grĂące Ă  deux voies de biosynthĂšse: celle des monoterpĂšnes et la voie de dĂ©gradation du L-phĂ©nylalanine. Les rĂ©sultats relatifs aux arĂŽmes fruitĂ©s ont permis de mettre en lumiĂšre cinq voies mĂ©taboliques majeures: la voie de biosynthĂšse des monoterpĂšnes, les voies de dĂ©gradations du L-phĂ©nylalanine, des sucres, des acides gras et des protĂ©ines. Des gĂšnes candidats codant pour des enzymes impliquĂ©s dans ces voies mĂ©taboliques ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s dans les zones d’associations correspondantes.La variĂ©tĂ© Nacional moderne est issue de diverses gĂ©nĂ©rations de croisements entre des Trinitario (hybrides Amelonado/Criollo) et le Nacional ancestral, mettant ainsi en jeu 3 ancĂȘtres contrastĂ©s. L’effet de cette Ă©tape de domestication rĂ©cente sur les arĂŽmes de la variĂ©tĂ© Nacional moderne a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©. GrĂące aux donnĂ©es de gĂ©notypage des trois ancĂȘtres de rĂ©fĂ©rence et aux rĂ©sultats des GWAS portant sur l’ensemble des caractĂšres de qualitĂ© (composĂ©s volatils et non-volatils, analyses sensorielles), il a Ă©tĂ© possible de dĂ©terminer l’origine des allĂšles ayant un effet positif sur les arĂŽmes dans les diffĂ©rentes zones d’associations. Cette Ă©tude a montrĂ© que l’ensemble des ancĂȘtres fondateurs ont apportĂ© des allĂšles favorables Ă  la synthĂšse d’arĂŽmes de qualitĂ© (floraux, fruitĂ©s, 
) mais aussi Ă  la synthĂšse de dĂ©fauts (amertume, astringence, 
). Nous avons pu montrer que les zones d’associations en lien avec les arĂŽmes de qualitĂ© et celles avec les dĂ©fauts n’étaient pas liĂ©es gĂ©nĂ©tiquement. Il est donc possible de sĂ©lectionner les zones d’intĂ©rĂȘts pour les arĂŽmes tout en contre-sĂ©lectionnant les zones apportant des dĂ©fauts.La deuxiĂšme partie de cette Ă©tude a portĂ© sur l’analyse des arĂŽmes d’une population de cacaoyers natifs d’Amazonie et issus de la zone d’origine de la variĂ©tĂ© Nacional ancestral. Dans cette Ă©tude, des analyses GWAS ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©es sur l’ensemble des caractĂšres de qualitĂ© analysĂ©s prĂ©cĂ©demment. Quatre vingt dix sept gĂšnes candidats sont communs aux deux populations analysĂ©es. De nouveaux composĂ©s volatils ainsi que de nouvelles zones d’associations ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© dĂ©tectĂ©es montrant ainsi une plus grande diversitĂ© et richesse aromatique de ces nouvelles ressources gĂ©nĂ©tiques et leur intĂ©rĂȘt pour la crĂ©ation de nouvelles variĂ©tĂ©s aromatiques adaptĂ©es Ă  l’Amazonie.Enfin, une Ă©tude GWAS sur les composĂ©s non-volatils, les caractĂšres sensoriels liĂ©s Ă  l’amertume et Ă  l’astringence, ainsi que la teneur en matiĂšre grasse et en protĂ©ines, a Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e sur les deux populations. Des gĂšnes candidats en lien avec la voie de biosynthĂšse de la cafĂ©ine et celle des polyphĂ©nols, ou en lien avec la voie de biosynthĂšse des acides gras ont pu ĂȘtre observĂ©s dans les zones d’associations

    Two Main Biosynthesis Pathways Involved in the Synthesis of the Floral Aroma of the Nacional Cocoa Variety

    Get PDF
    International audienceTheobroma cacao is the only source that allows the production of chocolate. It is of major economic importance for producing countries such as Ecuador, which is the third-largest cocoa producer in the world. Cocoa is classified into two groups: bulk cocoa and aromatic fine flavour cocoa. In contrast to bulk cocoa, fine flavour cocoa is characterised by fruity and floral notes. One of the characteristics of Nacional cocoa, the emblematic cocoa of Ecuador, is its aromatic ARRIBA flavour. This aroma is mainly composed of floral notes whose genetic and biochemical origin is not well-known. This research objective is to study the genetic and biochemical determinism of the floral aroma of modern Nacional cocoa variety from Ecuador. Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) was conducted on a population of 152 genotypes of cocoa trees belonging to the population variety of modern Nacional. Genome-Wide Association Study was conducted by combining SSR and SNP genotyping, assaying biochemical compounds (in roasted and unroasted beans), and sensory evaluations from various tastings. This analysis highlighted different areas of association for all types of traits. In a second step, a search for candidate genes in these association zones was undertaken, which made it possible to find genes potentially involved in the biosynthesis pathway of the biochemical compound identified in associations. Our results show that two biosynthesis pathways seem to be mainly related to the floral note of Nacional cocoa: the monoterpene biosynthesis pathway and the L-phenylalanine degradation pathway. As already suggested, the genetic background would therefore appear as largely explaining the floral note of cocoa

    Integration of GWAS, metabolomics, and sensorial analyses to reveal novel metabolic pathways involved in cocoa fruity aroma GWAS of fruity aroma in Theobroma cacao

    No full text
    International audienceNacional is a variety of cocoa tree known for its "Arriba" aroma characterised mainly by fruity, floral, and spicy aromatic notes. In this study, the genetic basis of the fruity aroma of modern Nacional cocoa was investigated. GWAS studies have been conducted on biochemical and sensorial fruity traits and allowed to identify a large number of association zones. These areas are linked to both the volatile compounds known to provide fruity flavours and present in the beans before and after roasting, and to the fruity notes detected by sensorial analysis. Five main metabolic pathways were identified as involved in the fruity traits of the Nacional population: the protein degradation pathway, the sugar degradation pathway, the fatty acid degradation pathway, the monoterpene pathway, and the L-phenylalanine pathway. Candidate genes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of volatile compounds identified in association areas were detected for a large number of associations.Keyword

    A cluster of Ankyrin and Ankyrin-TPR repeat genes is associated with panicle branching diversity in rice.

    No full text
    The number of grains per panicle is an important yield-related trait in cereals which depends in part on panicle branching complexity. One component of this complexity is the number of secondary branches per panicle. Previously, a GWAS site associated with secondary branch and spikelet numbers per panicle in rice was identified. Here we combined gene capture, bi-parental genetic population analysis, expression profiling and transgenic approaches in order to investigate the functional significance of a cluster of 6 ANK and ANK-TPR genes within the QTL. Four of the ANK and ANK-TPR genes present a differential expression associated with panicle secondary branch number in contrasted accessions. These differential expression patterns correlate in the different alleles of these genes with specific deletions of potential cis-regulatory sequences in their promoters. Two of these genes were confirmed through functional analysis as playing a role in the control of panicle architecture. Our findings indicate that secondary branching diversity in the rice panicle is governed in part by differentially expressed genes within this cluster encoding ANK and ANK-TPR domain proteins that may act as positive or negative regulators of panicle meristem's identity transition from indeterminate to determinate state
    corecore