School-Based Mental Health Services and Programs: A Review of the Literature

In Chapter 1, a rationale, a statement regarding the focus of my paper, and historical backgrounds of both community-based mental health services and the history surrounding school-based mental health (SBMH) services were provided. In Chapter 2, I review 15 studies dated between 2003 and 2017 addressing the results of school-based mental health programs involving either an in-school parental component or services delivered by clinicians in school settings and the implications SBMH presents for the educational system and its personnel. Studies reviewed are summarized in chronological order and include both quantitative data pertaining to changes in behavioral and academic qualities in children and adolescents deemed “at risk” or diagnosed with mental health disorders, as well as qualitative input related to factors contributing to the success of school-based interventions. In the final chapter, I summarize my findings and provide my conclusions and recommendations for future research

Effects of variable wind stress on ocean heat content

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (p. 82-86).Ocean heat content change (ocean heat uptake) has an important role in variability of the Earth's heat balance. The understanding of which methods and physical processes control ocean heat uptake needs improvement in order to better understand variability in the Earth's heat balance, improve the simulation of present-day climate, and improve the understanding and projection of future climate. Wind stress can play a strong role in ocean heat uptake on all timescales, and short timescale wind stress effects have not been well studied in the literature. This study for the first time examines short timescale spatial and temporal patterns of global variable wind stress datasets in a coupled atmosphere-ocean climate model. NCEP wind stress dataset was characterized for years 1978 to 2007. NCEP monthly means and monthly standard deviations are of the same magnitude, and strong wind stress events (tropical cyclones) are observed. A variety of metrics cannot reliably identify significant timescales or spatial patterns of the variable wind stress. Model behavior with and without variable wind stress is studied. This study uses the MIT IGSM, a 4°x 11 vertical level zonal atmospheric model coupled at the four hour timestep to a 20x2.50x22 vertical level ocean model with the K profile parameterization. Ocean properties in a no forcing scenario are sensitive to variable wind stress. In a weak forcing scenario (observed forcing over the last century), ocean properties are sensitive to variable wind stress, and internal modes of variability (such as an equatorial Pacific oscillation) are observed. In a global warming scenario (1% CO2 rise per year or a business as usual emissions scenario), the strong forcing overwhelms the more subtle responses due to the differences in variable wind stress forcing. Regardless of forcing, the high frequency variable wind stress (monthly or less) variable wind stresses can force a low frequency response. Hence the major source of annual variability of the MOC in this coarse resolution model is surface wind variability.by Kelly Klima.S.M

Assessment of a global contrail modeling method and operational strategies for contrail mitigation

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2005.Includes bibliographical references (p. 170-173).Recent updates to the IPCC estimates of radiative forcing contributions from aircraft have raised concerns about the impacts of contrails and aviation-induced cirrus on climate. Increasing demand for aviation will further increase contrail formation. This thesis provides a model to assess operational options for reducing contrail coverage. This model couples realistic flight performance and best-available global meteorological data assimilations. Comparisons were made between satellite-identified contrails and contrail persistence estimates from flight data for 53,844 U.S. continental flights performed during the week of November 11/12-18, 2001. The satellite data were processed by NASA Langley Research Center using methods for identifying contrails as described by Mannstein [28]. Given detailed knowledge of the aircraft types and radar-based trajectory data, simulated contrails did not match contrails observed in the satellite images. First, striated cirrus cloud formations were misidentified as contrail pixels. This resulted in the "contrails" typically aligning N-S, while most aircraft routes are aligned E-W. Perhaps 40-50% of the contrail pixels were misidentified. Second, a total of 60-90% of the contrail pixels (all demonstrated to be either contrails or clouds) occurred in areas where the assimilated meteorological fields showed RHi < 100%. This demonstrates that the RHi fields, although representative, do not accurately portray the true RHi fields on a given day in 2001. Finally, the typical length of the estimated contrails (several degrees) was longer than the typical length of the observed contrails (one degree).(cont.) This may reflect a limitation of the satellite sensing of the contrails, but it also implies that the chord lengths used within aviation system model need to be shortened so that they are consistent with length-scales observed in the RHi data. Despite the inability to replicate satellite data, the model was used to develop preliminary estimates of the costs and benefits of operational strategies for contrail and aviation-induced cirrus mitigation. Custom reroutes which minimized fuel burn were created reflecting different options for flying above, below, and around regions of high relative humidity. These options were all consistent with standard reroute procedures employed by the airlines and the Federal Aviation Administration. Using these custom reroutes, analyses were completed for 581 continental flights between 14 city pairs, and 628 international flights over the North Atlantic between 15 city pairs. Given perfect knowledge of meteorological data and no air traffic controls, if aircraft were individually rerouted, it was possible to mitigate 65%-80% of persistent contrails and simultaneously achieve an average decrease of 5%-7% of the total operating cost for the week in November 2001 for which this analysis was carried out. These reductions are relative to the actual routes flown by the aircraft during this week, reflecting the impact of non-optimal routing not only on contrail formation, but also on fuel bum and operating costs in general. Significant contrail reduction may also be achieved if aircraft are rerouted in weekly increments. For the time period that was analyzed it was possible to mitigate 40%-75% of persistent contrails for a change of -10% to +5% of the total operating cost.(cont.) An assessment was also made of the cost for mitigating contrails compared to the custom reroute that minimized fuel bum. In this case, 55%-85% of the contrails could be mitigated, for roughly a 0.5-1% increase in time and 2.5-3.5% increase in fuel bum (or 1-2% increase in total operating cost). In general, contrail persistence can be mitigated by altering latitude/longitude trajectory, flying at an altitude much lower or much higher than the tropopause, flying a route that minimizes fuel bum, and choosing more northerly routes over the Atlantic Ocean. Key areas of uncertainty that may impact these results include the validity of the contrail identification methods, the validity/range/resolution of the RHi estimates obtained from the assimilated meteorological data, the advection of contrails over time, the chord lengths in the aviation system model, the value of RHi assumed as the contrail persistence threshold, the validity of the engine modeling methods, the database of flights examined, and the construction of the custom reroutes. Further, contrail formation is a strong function of latitude and time of year. Therefore, the results cannot be generalized beyond the global regions and times of year that were analyzed.by Kelly Klima.S.M

Geographic smoothing of solar photovoltaic electric power production in the Western USA

We examined the geographic smoothing of solar photovoltaic generation from 15 utility-scale plants in California, Nevada, and Arizona and from 19 commercial building installations in California. This is the first comparison of geographic smoothing from utility-scale and building-mounted PV and the first examination of solar PV smoothing in this region. Our research questions were (1) how does geographic smoothing of commercial building rooftop PV compare to that of utility scale PV?, (2) is the geographic smoothing found for utility-scale plants the same for the western US as in India?, and (3) how does the geographic smoothing for PV compare to that of wind? By examining the power output of these generators in the frequency domain, we quantified the smoothing obtained by combining the output of geographically separated plants. We found that utility-scale and commercial rooftop plants exhibited similar geographic smoothing, with 10 combined plants reducing the amplitude of fluctuations at 1 h to 18%–28% of those seen for a single plant. We find that combining a few PV sites together reduces fluctuations, but that the point of quickly diminishing returns is reached after ∼5 sites, and that for all the locations and plant sizes considered, PV does not exhibit as much geographic smoothing as is seen for combining wind plants. We present preliminary theoretical arguments for why geographic smoothing of PV plants is less effective than that for wind plants. The slope of the high-frequency part of the PV power spectrum can at best be geographically smoothed (steepen) to an asymptotic spectrum of f−2. This limit for PV has considerably less smoothing than that for wind\u27s geographic smoothing, shown theoretically and from observed data to be f−2.33

The Influence of the Visual Modality on Language Structure and Conventionalization: Insights From Sign Language and Gesture

For humans, the ability to communicate and use language is instantiated not only in the vocal modality but also in the visual modality. The main examples of this are sign languages and (co-speech) gestures. Sign languages, the natural languages of Deaf communities, use systematic and conventionalized movements of the hands, face, and body for linguistic expression. Co-speech gestures, though non-linguistic, are produced in tight semantic and temporal integration with speech and constitute an integral part of language together with speech. The articles in this issue explore and document how gestures and sign languages are similar or different and how communicative expression in the visual modality can change from being gestural to grammatical in nature through processes of conventionalization. As such, this issue contributes to our understanding of how the visual modality shapes language and the emergence of linguistic structure in newly developing systems. Studying the relationship between signs and gestures provides a new window onto the human ability to recruit multiple levels of representation (e.g., categorical, gradient, iconic, abstract) in the service of using or creating conventionalized communicative systems

Limits on WWZ and WW\gamma couplings from p\bar{p}\to e\nu jj X events at \sqrt{s} = 1.8 TeV

We present limits on anomalous WWZ and WW-gamma couplings from a search for WW and WZ production in p-bar p collisions at sqrt(s)=1.8 TeV. We use p-bar p -> e-nu jjX events recorded with the D0 detector at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider during the 1992-1995 run. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 96.0+-5.1 pb^(-1). Assuming identical WWZ and WW-gamma coupling parameters, the 95% CL limits on the CP-conserving couplings are -0.33<lambda<0.36 (Delta-kappa=0) and -0.43<Delta-kappa<0.59 (lambda=0), for a form factor scale Lambda = 2.0 TeV. Limits based on other assumptions are also presented.Comment: 11 pages, 2 figures, 2 table

Search For Heavy Pointlike Dirac Monopoles

We have searched for central production of a pair of photons with high transverse energies in $p\bar p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 1.8$ TeV using $70 pb^{-1}$ of data collected with the D\O detector at the Fermilab Tevatron in 1994--1996. If they exist, virtual heavy pointlike Dirac monopoles could rescatter pairs of nearly real photons into this final state via a box diagram. We observe no excess of events above background, and set lower 95% C.L. limits of $610, 870, or 1580 GeV/c^2$ on the mass of a spin 0, 1/2, or 1 Dirac monopole.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figure

The Dijet Mass Spectrum and a Search for Quark Compositeness in bar{p}p Collisions at sqrt{s} = 1.8 TeV

Using the DZero detector at the 1.8 TeV pbarp Fermilab Tevatron collider, we have measured the inclusive dijet mass spectrum in the central pseudorapidity region |eta_jet| < 1.0 for dijet masses greater than 200 Gev/c^2. We have also measured the ratio of spectra sigma(|eta_jet| < 0.5)/sigma(0.5 < |eta_jet| < 1.0). The order alpha_s^3 QCD predictions are in good agreement with the data and we rule out models of quark compositeness with a contact interaction scale < 2.4 TeV at the 95% confidence level.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables, submitted to Phys. Rev. Let

Zgamma Production in pbarp Collisions at sqrt(s)=1.8 TeV and Limits on Anomalous ZZgamma and Zgammagamma Couplings

We present a study of Z +gamma + X production in p-bar p collisions at sqrt{S}=1.8 TeV from 97 (87) pb^{-1} of data collected in the eegamma (mumugamma) decay channel with the D0 detector at Fermilab. The event yield and kinematic characteristics are consistent with the Standard Model predictions. We obtain limits on anomalous ZZgamma and Zgammagamma couplings for form factor scales Lambda = 500 GeV and Lambda = 750 GeV. Combining this analysis with our previous results yields 95% CL limits |h{Z}_{30}| < 0.36, |h{Z}_{40}| < 0.05, |h{gamma}_{30}| < 0.37, and |h{gamma}_{40}| < 0.05 for a form factor scale Lambda=750 GeV.Comment: 17 Pages including 2 Figures. Submitted to PR

Measurement of the WW Boson Mass

A measurement of the mass of the $W$ boson is presented based on a sample of 5982 $W \rightarrow e \nu$ decays observed in $p\overline{p}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 1.8~TeV with the D\O\ detector during the 1992--1993 run. From a fit to the transverse mass spectrum, combined with measurements of the $Z$ boson mass, the $W$ boson mass is measured to be $M_W = 80.350 \pm 0.140 (stat.) \pm 0.165 (syst.) \pm 0.160 (scale) GeV/c^2$.Comment: 12 pages, LaTex, style Revtex, including 3 postscript figures (submitted to PRL