Structural Shocks and Political Participation in the US

This paper examines the impact of the large structural shocks -- automation and import competition -- on voter turnout during US federal elections from 2000 to 2016. Although the negative income effect of both shocks is comparable, we find that political participation decreases significantly in counties more exposed to industrial robots. In contrast, the exposure to rising import competition does not reduce voter turnout. A survey experiment reveals that divergent beliefs about the effectiveness of government intervention drive this contrast. Our study highlights the role of beliefs in the political economy of technological change

Monopsony and Automation

We examine the impact of labor market power on firms' adoption of automation technologies. We develop a model that incorporates labor market power into the task-based theory of automation. We show that, due to higher marginal cost of labor, monopsonistic firms have stronger incentives to automate than wage-taking firms, which could amplify or mitigate the negative employment effects of automation. Using data from US commuting zones, our results show that commuting zones that are more exposed to industrial robots exhibit considerably larger reductions in both employment and wages when their labor markets demonstrate higher levels of concentration

Significance of High-Pressure-Torsion Processing on an Aluminum-Lithium Aerospace Alloy

Aluminum alloys are popular in aerospace and automotive industries because of their relatively high strength-to-weight ratio. The study of enhancing aluminum’s mechanical properties through grain refinement is especially important. One such technique is High-Pressure Torsion processing (HPT), which leads to significant grain size refinement and enhances mechanical properties like ductility and strength. Although an increase in material strength usually results in loss of ductility, severe plastic deformation has the ability to maintain both desirable properties. In the present study, the principle of HPT was applied to an aerospace grade Aluminum-Lithium alloy, Al-2099, under a compressive pressure of 6.0 GPa and a rotational speed of 1 rpm for up to 20 rotations at room temperature. The development of the alloy’s microstructure is observed by X-ray diffraction analysis, while the development of microstructural heterogeneity was studied with hardness measurements. This study demonstrates the relationship between HPT processing, grain-size refinement, and enhanced mechanical properties. By studying this relationship, this study underscores the importance of severe plastic deformation for those seeking to drastically enhance metallic mechanical properties

Spatial, environmental and anthropogenic effects on the taxon composition of hybridizing Daphnia

The competitive ability of hybrids, compared with their parental taxa, can cover a wide fitness range from poor to superior. For example communities of the Daphnia galeata–hyalina–cucullata species complex often show hybrid dominance. We tested whether taxa composition of 43 European lakes inhabited by this species complex can be explained by habitat characteristics (e.g. size descriptors, trophy level) or geography. We found that D. galeata occurs more frequently south of the Alps, whereas D. hyalina and D. cucullata are found more in the north. Lakes with D. galeata dominance had higher temperatures whereas D. hyalina dominance could be attributed to low phosphorus loads. The dominance of F1-hybrids, however, was not explainable with current environmental variables. In a subset of 28 lakes, we studied the impact of eutrophication history on F1-hybrid success. Lakes with the highest trophic state in the past tended to be dominated by F1-hybrids. Our data demonstrate that human-mediated habitat disturbance (eutrophication) has facilitated hybrid success and altered the Daphnia taxon composition across lakes. At the same time, specific habitat conditions might provide a refuge from hybridization for native genotypes

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Trends Observed in Urinary Pathogens Obtained From New York State

International guidelines recommend using local susceptibility data to direct empiric therapy for acute uncomplicated cystitis. We evaluated outpatient urinary isolate susceptibility trends in New York State. Nitrofurantoin had the lowest resistance prevalence whereas trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones had higher prevalences. This study highlights the need for local outpatient antimicrobial stewardship programs

Arbeitspapier "Operationalisierung funktionierende Ökologische Infrastruktur"

Die Ökologische Infrastruktur (ÖI) ist für die Erhaltung und Förderung der Biodiversität unerlässlich und stellt lebenswichtige Leistungen für den Menschen bereit. ÖI basieren auf natürlichen und halbnatürlichen Lebensräumen. Die Entwicklung und der Schutz solcher ÖI wurden als zentrale Schritte für den Erfolg der Strategie Biodiversität Schweiz (SBS) identifiziert. Konzepte wie «Grüne Infrastruktur» oder «Naturbasierte Lösungen (Nature-based Solutions)», die sich auf ÖI beziehen, haben sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten zunehmend etabliert. Ihre teils unterschiedlichen Sichtweisen erschweren jedoch eine klare Anwendung in der Praxis. Dieses Arbeitspapier ist eine literaturbasierte Auslegeordnung und stellt verschiedene Zugänge zur Operationalisierung einer «funktionierenden» ÖI vor. Für das Projekt ValPar.CH ist das Arbeitspapier eine wichtige Grundlage für ein gemeinsames Begriffsverständnis im Projektteam. Das Forschungsteam wird das Funktionieren einer ÖI sowohl aufgrund ökologischer Aspekte (Module A), wie auch basierend auf den gesellschaftlichen und wirtschaftlichen Nutzen der ÖI (Module B) und deren langfristige Sicherung durch verschiedene «policy»-Mechanismen (Module D) beurteilen. Darauf aufbauen wird das Team Empfehlungen für die Sicherstellung einer funktionierenden ÖI erarbeiten. Ecological infrastructure (EI) is essential for the conservation and promotion of biodiversity and provides vital services for humans. EI is based on natural and semi-natural habitats. The development and protection of EI have been identified as key steps for the success of the Swiss Biodiversity Strategy (SBS). Concepts such as "Green Infrastructure" or "Nature-based Solutions", which refer to EI, have become increasingly established in recent decades. However, their partly different perspectives make application in practice difficult. This working paper is a literature-based overview and presents different approaches to the operationalization of a "functioning" EI. For the ValPar.CH project, this working paper is an important basis for arriving at a common understanding of the term within the project team. The research team will assess the functioning of an EI based on ecological aspects (Module A), as well as based on the societal and economic benefits of the EI (Module B) and its long-term safeguarding through different "policy" mechanisms (Module D). Based on this, the team will develop recommendations for ensuring a functioning EI

Building a risk matrix for the safety assessment of wood derived biochars

Biochar is recognized as an efficient amendment and soil improver. However, environmental and quality assessments are needed to ensure the sustainability of its use in agriculture. This work considers the biochar's chemical-physical characterization and its potential phyto- and geno-toxicity, assessed with germination and Ames tests, obtaining valuable information for a safe field application. Three biochar types, obtained from gasification at different temperatures of green biomasses from the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines (in Italy), were compared through a broad chemical, physical and biological evaluation. The results obtained showed the relevance of temperature in determining the chemical and morphological properties of biochar, which was shown with several analytical techniques such as the elemental composition, water holding capacity, ash content, but also with FTIR and X-ray spectroscopies. These techniques showed the presence of different relevant surface aliphatic and aromatic groups. The procedures for evaluating the potential toxicity using seeds germination and Ames genotoxicity assay highlights that biochar does not cause detrimental effects when it enters in contact with soil, micro- and macro-organisms, and plants. The genotoxicity test provided a new highlight in evaluating biochar environmental safety

The effect of the phenylene linkage in poly(fluorene-alt-phenylene)s on the thermodynamics and kinetics of nitroaromatic and nitroaliphatic sensing

The preparation, photophysical characterization and sensing of a series of highly luminescent poly(fluorene-alt-phenylene)s (PFP) were studied. These PFP polymers varied the phenylene linkage in the 1,4 (PFP-p), 1,3 (PFP-m) and 1,2 (PFP-o) positions. The photoluminescence of these polymers ranged from ultraviolet to blue in color in both solution and film states by simply varying the linkage of the phenylene moiety. Photon Electron Spectroscopy in Air (PESA) revealed that the change in the emission was primarily attributed to the difference of the electron affinity of the polymer. Stern-Volmer quenching studies indicated that these poly(fluorene-alt-phenylene) polymers are highly sensitive towards nitroaromatic materials in solution, particularly in comparison to the reference poly(9,9-di-n-hexylflourene) (PDHF). These PFP polymers were found to be four to ten times more sensitive towards dinitrobenzene as compared to PDHF. In addition, PFP-o displayed the highest polymer-based Stern-Volmer quenching towards the taggant DMNB. The solid-state fluorescence quenching of the PFP-p and PFP-m films using DMNB was enhanced (up to 71.5%) compared to the reference PDHF (59.6%) and was attributed to both thermodynamic and diffusion kinetic factors

Update in heart rhythm abnormalities and indications for pacemaker after transcatheter aortic valve implantation

Objective: Rhythm abnormalities following transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) and indications for permanent pacemaker implantation (PPI) were reviewed, which aren’t well established in the current guidelines. New left bundle branch block and atrioventricular block are the most common electrocardiographic changes after TAVI. PPI incidence ranges from 9-42% for selfexpandable and 2.5-11.5% for balloon expandable devices. Not only anatomical variations in conduction system have an important role in conduction disorders, but different valve characteristics and their relationship with cardiac structures as well. Previous right bundle branch block has been confirmed as one of the most significant predictors for PPI

Arrive, survive and thrive: essential stages in the re-colonization and recovery of zooplankton in urban lakes in Sudbury, Canada

The recovery of lakes from severe, historical acid and metal pollution requires that colonists of extirpated species arrive, survive and subsequently thrive. We employed 40 year records from weekly to monthly crustacean zooplankton samples from Middle and Clearwater lakes near Sudbury, Canada, to identify the main mechanistic bottlenecks in this recovery process. While both lakes now have circum-neutral pH, acidity decreased more rapidly in Middle Lake because of past liming interventions, while Clearwater Lake, being larger and supporting more housing, likely receives more zooplankton colonists than Middle Lake. Community richness increased much faster in Middle Lake than in Clearwater Lake, at 1.6 vs 0.9 species decade-1, respectively. Richness has recovered in Middle Lake, when assessed against a target of 9-16 species collection-1 determined from regional reference lakes, but it has not yet recovered in Clearwater Lake. Species accumulation curves and a metric of annual persistence show that this difference is a product not of greater rates of species introduction into Middle Lake, but rather to their greater annual persistence once introduced. Greater annual persistence was associated with better habitat quality (i.e., lower acid and metal toxicity) in Middle Lake, particularly early in the record, and lower planktivore abundance, more recently. These results support a growing consensus that ecological recovery of zooplankton from acidification and metal pollution does not depend strongly on propagule introduction rates which are adequate, but rather on propagule persistence, in lake-rich, suburban landscapes such as those near Sudbury