ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH MATEMATIS MAHASISWA DALAM PENYELESAIAN METODE SIMPLEKS DITINJAU DARI GAYA KOGNITIF

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis mahasiswa dalam menyelesaikan Metode Simpleks ditinjau dari Gaya Kognitif Field Independent (FI) dan Field Dependent (FD).  Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di semester gasal TA 2023-2024 pada mahasiswa Pendidikan Matematika  Institut Keguruan dan Teknologi Larantuka yang tengah menempuh matakuliah Riset Operasi. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam peelitian ini adalah menggunakan tes dan wawancara dan kemudian dianalisis menggunakan model analisis Miles dan Huberman. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan, diperoleh informasi bahwa mahasiswa dengan gaya kognitif yang berbeda memiliki kemampuan pemecahan masalah yang berbeda pula, sebagaimana dapat dijabarkan sebagai berikut: 1) subjek FI  dapat  menyebutkan informasi-informasi penting dalam soal, hal ini menunjukkan keduanya memiliki kemampuan memahami masalah yang baik, sedangkan subjek FD masing kurang memahami masalah, 2) Subjek FI dapat membuat rencana penyelesaian Metode Simpleks dengan baik, sedangkan Subjek FD masih bingung sehingga masih melakukan kesalahan dalam membuat rencana penyelesaian masalah, 3) Subjek FI mampu dalam melaksanakan rencana penyelesaian dengan baik sedangkan Subjek FD kurang mampu dalam melaksanakan rencana penyelesaian dengan baik. 4) Subjek FI dan FD tidak melakukan tahap pengecekan ulang karena penyelesaian yang dikerjakan tidak pernah sampai penarikan kesimpulan

Effects of Acute and Sustained Pain Manipulations on Performance in a Visual‐Signal Detection Task of Attention in Rats

Preclinical ResearchPatients with pain often display cognitive impairment including deficits in attention. The visual‐signal detection task (VSDT) is a behavioral procedure for assessment of attention in rodents. Male Sprague Dawley rats were trained in a VSDT and tested with three different noxious stimuli: (i) intraperitoneal injection of lactic acid; (ii) intraplantar injection of formalin; and (iii) intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, scopolamine was also tested as a positive control. Scopolamine (0.01–1.0 mg/kg) dose dependently reduced accuracy and increased response latencies during completed trials with higher scopolamine doses increasing omissions. Lactic acid (0.56–5.6% ip) also increased response latencies and omissions, although it failed to alter measures of response accuracy. Formalin produced a transient decrease in accuracy while also increasing both response latency and omissions. CFA failed to alter VSDT performance. Although VSDT effects were transient for formalin and absent for CFA, both treatments produced mechanical allodynia and paw edema for up to 7 days. These results support the potential for noxious stimuli to produce a pain‐related disruption of attention in rats. However, relatively strong noxious stimulation appears necessary to disrupt performance in this version of the VSDT. Drug Dev Res 76 : 194–203, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/111955/1/ddr21255.pd

Feasibility of community-based control of tsetse: A pilot project using Tiny Targets in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Gambianse Human African Trypanosomiasis (g-HAT) is a neglected tropical disease caused by trypanosomes transmitted by tsetse flies. 70%Most (>80%) of the cases in 2019 (604/863) occur in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). and Thea national programme for g-HAT to eliminatione HAT in DRC includes athe large-scale deployment of Tiny Targets which attract and kill tsetse. This intervention is directed by vector-control specialists with small teams, moving in canoes, deploying Tiny Targets along riverbanks where tsetse concentrate. While the targets are deployed in communal areas, and the method is cheap and easy-to-use, local people have little involvement. This study aimed to evaluate if a community-led vector control programme was feasible in the context of DRC’s g-HAT elimination programme

The role of alpha5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in mouse models of chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain

The aim of the present study was to determine the impact of as nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit deletion in the mouse on the development and intensity of nociceptive behavior in various chronic pain models. The role of as-containing nAChRs was explored in mouse models of chronic pain, including peripheral neuropathy (chronic constriction nerve injury, CCI), tonic inflammatory pain (the formalin test) and short and long-term inflammatory pain (complete Freund's adjuvant, CFA and carrageenan tests) in alpha(5) knock-out (1(0) and wild-type (WT) mice. The results showed that paw-licking time was decreased in the formalin test, and the hyperalgesic and allodynic responses to carrageenan and CFA injections were also reduced. In addition, paw edema in formalin-, carrageenan- or CFA-treated mice were attenuated in alpha(5)-K-O mice significantly. Furthermore, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels of carrageenan-treated paws were lower in alpha(5)-K-O mice. The antinociceptive effects of nicotine and sazetidine-A but not varenicline were alpha(5)-dependent in the formalin test. Both hyperalgesia and allodynia observed in the CCI test were reduced in alpha(5)-K-O mice. Nicotine reversal of mechanical allodynia in the CCI test was mediated through alpha(5)-nAChRs at spinal and peripheral sites. In summary, our results highlight the involvement of the et, nAChR subunit in the development of hyperalgesia, allodynia and inflammation associated with chronic neuropathic and inflammatory pain models. They also suggest the importance of alpha(5)-nAChRs as a target for the treatment of chronic pain.United States Department of Health & Human Services National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA NIH National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) (DA-12610)United States Department of Health & Human Services National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA NIH National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) European Commission (R01DA032246)United States Department of Health & Human Services National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA NIH National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) European Commission (R01DA012610

The role of emergency department HIV care in resource-poor settings: lessons learned in western Kenya

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa and other high prevalence regions continues to overwhelm health care systems. While there has been a global response to improve the delivery of antiretroviral therapy in these high prevalence regions, there are few models that have developed an adequate plan to deal with HIV specifically in resource-poor emergency department settings. In this manuscript, we report on the experience scaling up HIV care at one emergency department in a large referral hospital located in western Kenya. Specifically, we describe how rapid bedside HIV testing helps to narrow the differential diagnosis of disease processes in acute care patients and how HIV screening of patients discharged from the emergency department can detect HIV-infected individuals

Patient acceptance of universal screening for hepatitis C virus infection

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In the United States, about 70% of 2.9-3.7 million people with hepatitis C (HCV) are unaware of their infection. Although universal screening might be a cost-effective way to identify infections, prevent morbidity, and reduce transmission, few efforts have been made to determine patient opinions about new approaches to screening.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We surveyed 200 patients in August 2010 at five outpatient clinics of a major public urban medical center in Seattle, WA, with an 85.8% response rate.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The sample was 55.3% women, median 47 years of age, and 56.3% white and 32.7% African or African-American; 9.5% and 2.5% reported testing positive for HCV and HIV, respectively. The vast majority of patients supported universal screening for HCV. When presented with three options for screening, 48% preferred universal testing without being informed that they were being tested or provided with negative results, 37% preferred testing with the chance to "opt-out" of being tested and without being provided with negative results, and 15% preferred testing based on clinician judgment. Results were similar for HIV screening.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Patients support universal screening for HCV, even if that screening involves testing without prior consent or the routine provision of negative test results. Current screening guidelines and procedures should be reconsidered in light of patient priorities.</p

Use of a High Resolution Melting (HRM) Assay to Compare Gag, Pol, and Env Diversity in Adults with Different Stages of HIV Infection

Cross-sectional assessment of HIV incidence relies on laboratory methods to discriminate between recent and non-recent HIV infection. Because HIV diversifies over time in infected individuals, HIV diversity may serve as a biomarker for assessing HIV incidence. We used a high resolution melting (HRM) diversity assay to compare HIV diversity in adults with different stages of HIV infection. This assay provides a single numeric HRM score that reflects the level of genetic diversity of HIV in a sample from an infected individual.HIV diversity was measured in 203 adults: 20 with acute HIV infection (RNA positive, antibody negative), 116 with recent HIV infection (tested a median of 189 days after a previous negative HIV test, range 14-540 days), and 67 with non-recent HIV infection (HIV infected >2 years). HRM scores were generated for two regions in gag, one region in pol, and three regions in env.Median HRM scores were higher in non-recent infection than in recent infection for all six regions tested. In multivariate models, higher HRM scores in three of the six regions were independently associated with non-recent HIV infection.The HRM diversity assay provides a simple, scalable method for measuring HIV diversity. HRM scores, which reflect the genetic diversity in a viral population, may be useful biomarkers for evaluation of HIV incidence, particularly if multiple regions of the HIV genome are examined

Height and timing of growth spurt during puberty in young people living with vertically acquired HIV in Europe and Thailand.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe growth during puberty in young people with vertically acquired HIV. DESIGN: Pooled data from 12 paediatric HIV cohorts in Europe and Thailand. METHODS: One thousand and ninety-four children initiating a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor or boosted protease inhibitor based regimen aged 1-10 years were included. Super Imposition by Translation And Rotation (SITAR) models described growth from age 8 years using three parameters (average height, timing and shape of the growth spurt), dependent on age and height-for-age z-score (HAZ) (WHO references) at antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. Multivariate regression explored characteristics associated with these three parameters. RESULTS: At ART initiation, median age and HAZ was 6.4 [interquartile range (IQR): 2.8, 9.0] years and -1.2 (IQR: -2.3 to -0.2), respectively. Median follow-up was 9.1 (IQR: 6.9, 11.4) years. In girls, older age and lower HAZ at ART initiation were independently associated with a growth spurt which occurred 0.41 (95% confidence interval 0.20-0.62) years later in children starting ART age 6 to 10 years compared with 1 to 2 years and 1.50 (1.21-1.78) years later in those starting with HAZ less than -3 compared with HAZ at least -1. Later growth spurts in girls resulted in continued height growth into later adolescence. In boys starting ART with HAZ less than -1, growth spurts were later in children starting ART in the oldest age group, but for HAZ at least -1, there was no association with age. Girls and boys who initiated ART with HAZ at least -1 maintained a similar height to the WHO reference mean. CONCLUSION: Stunting at ART initiation was associated with later growth spurts in girls. Children with HAZ at least -1 at ART initiation grew in height at the level expected in HIV negative children of a comparable age

Prevalence of hepatitis B and C markers in high-risk hospitalised patients in Crete: a five-year observational study

BACKGROUND: So far the prevalence of viral hepatitis infection in hospitalized patients has not been extensively studied. Therefore we conducted the present five-year observational study to evaluate the prevalence of HBV and HCV infection in high-risk hospitalized patients of Crete, the largest Greek island, Due to the homogeneous population, epidemiological studies can be accurately done. METHODS: The study was carried out in two out of four District General Hospitals, and in the University Hospital of the island. Markers for HBV and HCV were studied and statistically evaluated according to age, sex and geographical area, in a well-defined hospitalized population. RESULTS: The total prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HCV in the three prefectures during the five-year study is 2.66% and 4.75% respectively. Overall the relative risks were higher in males than females for each hepatitis marker (p < 0.001). Higher prevalence of HBcAb was found in the 41–60 years age group for both sexes (males 36.17%, females 27.38%). Peak HBsAg prevalence was found in the age group of 21–40 and 41–60 years for males (5.4%) and females (3.09%) respectively. Anti-HCV prevalence increases with age reaching the highest prevalence in the age group of 41–60 years for males (7.19%) and in the 61–90 years age group for females (7.16%). For both sexes significant differences between the three locations were identified. For HBsAg a higher prevalence in Heraklion (3.96%) compared to Chania (2.30%, males: p < 0.0001, females: p < 0.05) and Rethymnon (1.45%, males: p < 0.01, females: p < 0.0001) was detected. For HCV a significantly higher prevalence in Heraklion (6.54%) compared to Chania (2.39%, males: p < 0.001, females: p < 0.001) but not in Rethymnon (5.15%, NS). A lower prevalence rate of HBcAb in Heraklion compared to Chania (20.07% versus 23.05%, males: p < 0.001, females: p < 0.001) was found. CONCLUSIONS: These results were possibly overestimated, but nevertheless reflect the situation of the general population within the island as shown by our previous publications in other study groups. Moreover they contribute to the mapping of viral hepatitis prevalence in a geographical area of Southern Europe and may be helpful in planning public health interventional strategies