The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

BACKGROUND: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. METHODS: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. FINDINGS: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]). INTERPRETATION: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden

Suppression of cultural identity and school success in Oromo students

The purpose of this research was to find out how successive Ethiopian governments treated the Oromo students and how this impacted Oromo students\u27 success in school. My capstone question How do Oromo Students describe the impact of their past educational experiences on their future success in school? explored this question. My goal was to create a historical document to encourage young educated Oromos to expand this type of research and to increase my effectiveness in my diversified classroom. I interviewed five persons and their stories described that Oromo students suffered cultural and language discrimination in all levels of education in Ethiopian schools and were oppressed by many teachers and government officials. The results of this capstone supported that the more Oromos appeared to be educated, the more they were targeted by the three successive Ethiopian government systems studied in this research

Improving wireless sensor network lifespan with optimized clustering probabilities, improved residual energy LEACH and energy efficient LEACH for corner-positioned base stations

The goal of this paper's novel energy-conscious routing method is to optimize energy usage and extend network lifespans using a new clustering probability. Versatile arrangements and a longer network lifespan (until the last node dies) are achieved through cluster-based routing strategies. Existing algorithms, such as low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), residual energy LEACH (RES-EL), and distributed residual energy LEACH (DIS-RES-EL), have been compared to the newly proposed algorithms: improved residual energy LEACH (IMP-RES-EL) and energy efficient LEACH (EEL). IMP-RES-EL and EEL outperform all other stated algorithms by extending the network lifespan, enhancing stability, increasing the number of aggregated data packets transmitted from cluster heads to the base station (BS), and selecting cluster heads with energy efficiency and optimal routing within the network. The proposed approaches outperform existing algorithms, particularly when every corner-located BS is considered in the wireless sensor network (WSN). The network lifespan in rounds increased by 36 %, the number of aggregated data packets from cluster heads to the BS increased by 44 %, and the efficiency of corner-located BSs improved by 20 %. Extensive simulations on five distinct topologies were reviewed and compared to the three techniques listed above, demonstrating the superiority of the proposed algorithms

Optimized Cluster Routing Protocol With Energy-Sustainable Mechanisms for Wireless Sensor Networks

Clustering algorithms have a key role in decreasing energy consumption and increasing network longevity in wireless sensor networks. This work advances on previous homogeneous and heterogeneous algorithms, including low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchical routing protocol (LEACH), distributed residual energy LEACH (DIS-RES-EL), residual energy LEACH (RES-EL), energy efficient LEACH (EEL), and stable election protocol (SEP), by introducing novel clustering methodologies. It introduces novel improved residual energy LEACH (IMP-RES-EL) and energy efficient stable election protocol (EE-SEP) to improve the efficiency of clustering algorithms in energy savings for homogeneous and heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. The simulation result shows that, in addition to prolonging network lifetime and optimal routing, these methods transported more data packets from the cluster to sensor nodes and then to base stations than other techniques. When compared to the stable election protocol (SEP), the proposed energy-efficient stable election protocol (EE-SEP) influences the number of bunch heads formed over their lifetime, the organization’s stability, the number of nodes shipped off the base station from each cluster head, and the organization’s overall lifetime. When comparing the two current algorithms, EE-SEP and LEACH, for various topologies, the findings demonstrate that EE-SEP is the most energy efficient directing convention for extending the previously described qualities. This attribute has not been discussed thus far. The results also show that the IMP-RES-EL algorithm successfully increases network lifespan while minimizing energy dissipation and transmissions between sensor nodes and base stations or cluster heads (CHs). For all of the suggested homogeneous and heterogeneous algorithms, network lifetime in rounds rose by 36%, aggregated data packets from CHs to BS increased by 44%, and total data packets to BSs improved by 20%