Historical Schools of Economics: German and English

This paper contrasts the German and English traditions of "Historical Economics" and explains their differences by positioning these two traditions in the specific institutional contexts in which they developed.Historical Economics, Historical School, Neoclassicism, German Economics

"El precio es correcto": Léon Walras y la justicia económica

Este artículo describe los intento de Léon Walras por establecerse como uno de los fundadores del pensamiento económico neoclásico o lo que, posteriormente, fue llamado "revolución marginal" durante la década de 1870. Junto con H. H. Gossen, W. S. Jevons, y C. Menger, él debe ser considerado un punto de partida teórico importante para reflexionar sobre el mercado como un sistema de intercambios y el de sus precios, que culminó con su notación matemática. Por lo tanto, los fundadores de la escuela de la economía subjetiva trabajaron en gran parte en ignorancia mutua y, sin embargo, todos parecían decir la misma cosa. De manera paradójica, cada intento por parte de Lónn Walras de aclarar sus puntos de vista lo apartaban cada vez más de su objetivo. Pero un fenómeno interesante puede percibirse cuando observamos su teorización del sistema de intercambios del mercado: él endogenizó la justicia y la igualdad como las fuerzas primarias que gobiernan su reproducción.This article describes Léon Walras' attempts to establish himself as one of the founders of neoclassical economic thought, or what was later called the "marginal revolution" around the decade of 1870. Along with H.H. Gossen, W.S. Jevons, and C. Menger, he must be considered an important theoretical starting point to reflea on the market system of exchanges and its prices that culminated with its mathematical notation. Thus the founders of the subjectivist school worked mostly in ignorance of one another and yet they all seemed to be saying the same thing. In a paradox manner, every attempt by Léon Walras to make his points clearer drove him further from his objective. But an interesting phenomenon can be perceived when we look at his theorizing the system of market exchanges: he "endogenised" justice and equality as the primal forces that govern its reproduction

Introduction : Reform and Improvement in Early Modern Europe

Peer reviewe

Renewable Energy Opportunities Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe

The Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe has a vision to become self-sufficient in its energy needs and to maintain its culture and protect Mother Earth with respect and honor for the next seven generations. To achieve this vision, green energy sources such as solar, wind and biomass energy are the best energy paths to travel. In this feasibility study the Tribe has analyzed and provided data on the nature of the renewable resources available to the Tribe and the costs of implementing these technologies

Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court of the United States Final Report

On April 9, 2021, President Joseph R. Biden, Jr. issued Executive Order 14023 establishing this Commission, to consist of “individuals having experience with and knowledge of the Federal judiciary and the Supreme Court of the United States.” The Order charged the Commission with producing a report for the President that addresses three sets of questions. First, the Report should include “[a]n account of the contemporary commentary and debate about the role and operation of the Supreme Court in our constitutional system and about the functioning of the constitutional process by which the President nominates and, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoints Justices to the Supreme Court.” Second, the Report should consider the “historical background of other periods in the Nation’s history when the Supreme Court’s role and the nominations and advice-and-consent process were subject to critical assessment and prompted proposals for reform.” Third, the Report should provide an analysis of the principal arguments for and against particular proposals to reform the Supreme Court, “including an appraisal of [their] merits and legality,” and should be informed by “a broad spectrum of ideas.” The Report begins by explaining the genesis of today’s Court reform debate, including by identifying developments that gave rise to President Biden’s decision to issue the April 2021 Executive Order, particularly the debates surrounding the most recent nominations. This Introduction emphasizes that the Court’s composition and jurisprudence long have been subjects of public controversy and debate in the nation’s civic life: The Court serves as a crucial guardian of the rule of law and also plays a central role in major social and political conflicts. Its decisions have profound effects on the life of the nation. Though conflict surrounding the processes by which the President nominates and the Senate confirms Justices is not new, it has become more intensely partisan in recent years. The Introduction also articulates three common and interrelated ideas frequently invoked in reform debates and throughout the Chapters of the Report: the importance of protecting or enhancing the Court’s legitimacy; the role of judicial independence in our system of government; and the value of democracy and its relationship to the Supreme Court’s decisionmaking. These important ideas can mean different things to different people. The Introduction discusses the range of meanings ascribed to these terms, with the aim of clarifying how they are deployed in arguments for and against reform

The touring reader: understanding the bibliophile's experience of literary tourism

This research explores the literary enthusiast’s experience of planning and undertaking literary inspired trips. The research reconceptualises the dominant figure of the literary pilgrim, inspired to visit sites associated with favourite authors, by using detailed results from 30 open-ended surveys distributed to delegates at a literary conference. The findings indicate that these keen readers prefer to plan their own trips and shun organised attractions and mainstream tourist information in favour of employing the texts themselves as source material. Respondents then feed back their experiences into the re-reading of the literary text. These findings are analysed using the concept of concretisation borrowed from literary theory. This concept, which has not been used in previous tourist studies, reflects the experience of these visitors who are using travel to solidify their reading of favourite books. This research therefore highlights the interdependence of texts and travels and emphasises the important role that imagination plays in the experience and recollection of tourist trips

Political economy and the science of economics in Victorian Britain

This collection of essays explores the questions of what counted as knowledge in Victorian Britain, who defined knowledge and the knowledgeable, by what means and by what criteria. During the Victorian period, the structure of knowledge took on a new and recognizably modern form, and the disciplines that we now take for granted took shape. The ways in which knowledge was tested also took on a new form, with oral examinations and personal contacts giving way to formal written tests. New institutions of knowledge were created: museums were important at the start of the period (knowledge often meant classifying and collecting); by the end, universities had taken on a new prominence. Knowledge exploded and Victorians needed to make sense of the sheer scale of information, to popularize it, and at the same time to exclude ignorance and error - a role carried out by encyclopaedias and popular publications. The concept of knowledge is complex and much debated, with a multiplicity of meanings and troubling relationships. By studying the Victorian organization of knowledge in its institutional, social, and intellectual settings, these essays contribute to our consideration of these wider issues