Where is integration in the refugee crisis?

What is lost in the debate about refugees, which has hitherto focused on numbers, is a proper discussion about integration. In this article, Jenny Phillimore examines the steps that might support a two-way integration process

The reproductive biology and temporal distribution of a great egret and nankeen night heron colony at the Perth Zoo

A colony of Great Egrets (Ardea alba) and Nankeen Night Herons (Nycticorax caledonicus) has existed at the Perth Zoo in Metropolitan Perth for over 25 years. The colony is particularly significant for the conservation and management of Great Egrets in Western Australia as it is the only colony located in the Metropolitan area. Baseline information of their breeding biology was needed to facilitate the development of management guidelines for the zoo colony. Foraging behaviour was used to highlight specific adaptations in hunting strategies and diet. However, it was not possible to observe foraging Nankeen Night Herons as they forage at night. Therefore, another species, the Little Egret, was selected to highlight specific adaptations. From 1997 to 1999 the reproductive biology of the Great Egret and Nankeen Night Heron was assessed. The number of Nankeen Night Herons nesting at the Perth Zoo from 1996 to 1998 increased, while the number of Great Egrets declined. Both species nested in tall trees but only Great Egrets were specific in their choice of nesting tree species. Horizontal nest placement appeared to be influenced by body size. Great Egrets had a larger clutch size than the Nankeen Night Heron, and a slightly higher offspring mortality rate. There was some indication that Great Egrets may use the colony as an information centre about productive feeding grounds. Foraging behaviour of Great Egrets and Little Egrets was recorded at six wetlands in the Perth Metropolitan area. Great Egrets were found to be mainly searchers using ‘stand and wait’ and \u27walk slowly’ foraging behaviour, while the Little Egret was a ‘pursuer’ hunting by \u27walking slowly\u27, \u27walking quickly\u27 and \u27pursuing prey\u27. Great Egrets caught a greater number of prey per attempt at capture, feeding on larger sized prey, mostly fish. Little Egrets fed on smaller sized prey, mostly invertebrates. Habitat type and wind speed had a significant effect on striking success of Great Egrets. Cloud cover, wind speed and direction had a significant effect on striking success of Little Egrets. The larger body size of the Great Egret allowed them to forage in deeper water than the Little Egret. Baseline information provided by this study has assisted in the development of management recommendations for the zoo colony and for Great Egrets and Little Egrets in the Perth Metropolitan area. To provide long-term information on overall population trends for the colony, regular counting and population distribution mapping of Great Egrets and Nankeen Night Herons is needed. To prevent Nankeen Night Heron numbers elevating and possibly encroaching on the nesting habitat of the Great Egret, food available in the zoo grounds should be reduced by covering caged animals food. Planting of nesting trees within the existing colony may be required to enable the number of Great Egrets nesting in the Perth Zoo to increase. To prevent disturbances to birds when foraging within Perth wetlands, sites that are reachable by humans should be fenced off, or access restricted

Between the Emergency and Mandal

This paper reflects back on the preoccupations and omissions of my own doctoral fieldwork over forty years ago, spurred by subsequent ethnographies of Gaddis down to the present. My fieldwork in the Gaddi village of Karnathu took place in the shadow of The Emergency (1975-77). It was a shadow that I was not sufficiently attentive to at the time, especially considering that the very choice of Karnathu as a village fieldwork site owed much to the atmosphere of the Emergency. This fieldwork took place well before the Mandal Commission’s recommendations were implemented after 1990. The repercussions of these two signal landmarks in modern Indian history are hard to overstate, and in the second half of this article I explore some of the contrasts between my own pre-Mandal fieldwork and the concerns, themes and insights of later ethnographers working in the post-Mandal aftermath —an aftermath which has yielded a rich seam of possibilities as well as accentuated divisions in the upheavals of a new Gaddi identity politics

Understanding Intergovernmental Relations: Key Features and Trends

This article discusses several features of intergovernmental relations (IGR), paying particular attention to IGR in federations. A number of recent trends and challenges are identified, and implications are drawn for the analysis of IGR. The article shows how IGR has traditionally been dominated by informal processes and power relationships, but that formalisation and institutionalisation have increased and can provide greater certainty and protection for sub-national governments in dealing with central government

Marriage and social organisation among pastoralists of the Dhaula Dhar (western Himalaya),

Fieldwork was carried out among the Hindu Gaddis and their associated castes, chiefly in Kangra and to a lesser extent in Chamba (Himachal Pradesh, India), Two main topics are examined. The place of transhumant pastoralism in the Gaddis' economy and in relation to their social organisation is described at length for the first time. Though the Gaddis are renowned as shepherds in Himachal Pradesh, the proportion who hold flocks of sheep and goats fluctuates greatly from village to village. My data stem from living in the Gaddi shepherding village par excellence. I explore the relationship between pastoralism, agriculture and wage labour, and I conclude that numbers of Gaddi-owned migratory livestock have fallen in recent decades. The primary topic, however, is marriage and the internal structure of the caste. I start by looking at an unusual case of women who never marry, and then move on to analyse the complex relationship between isogamy and hypergamy in the region, with particular reference to the structure of the caste. The working out of egalitarian principles in marriage in the northern half of the Indian subcontinent has not received the attention devoted to the more dominant tendency towards hierarchy. But while this study of the Gaddis' isogamy is a contribution to a neglected field, it does not foster any simple dichotomy between Himalayan Hindus and north India generally. On the contrary, the perspective chosen helps towards the better incorporation of Himalayan Hindu societies within models of marriage and kinship in north India generally

Restructuring Australian industrial relations: the limits of a supply side approach

From 1983 to 1996, the Australian trade union movement led an integrated industrial relations reform agenda aimed at restructuring work organisation, the training system and union structures. These reforms are the basis for the claim that Australia hasdeliberately, successfully and permanently avoided a Thatcher-Reagan route to seeking international competitiveness, in favour of a more consensual, inclusive,social democratic approach.The present paper uses an institutionalist, supply-side framework of industrialrestructuring, drawing on the work of Wolfgang Streeck to describe and assess the Australian reforms. Five institutional conditions for diversified quality production areidentified, each of which has been tackled to some extent in Australia. Technologicalchange at work is now open to union influence; employment protection has beenincreased; work organisation and skill formation have been central elements inindustrial relations reform; and most union members have been reorganised into twenty large unions. Moreover, the union agenda has been avowedly inclusive and egalitarian.Unfortunately, this 'skill oriented' strategy has not yielded the benefits promised.Economic performance has been average, union density has fallen, and manyinstitutional supports for union membership and bargaining activity are under threat. Union misjudgements, employer and government resistance, and an unfavourable institutional legacy in industrial relations (in particular, the weakness of workplace bargaining structures), are reasons for the disappointing outcomes.Morevoer, the union supply side reform agenda needs to be placed in its prope rcontext. Without complementary government policies affecting aggregate demand, industry and finance reform, supply side intervention can have only a limited impact. Unions are not strong enough to force through industrial restructuring alone.However, faced with limited alternatives, the supply side approach is still the best on offer for unions -- In den Jahren von 1983 bis 1996 verfolgte die australische Gewerkschaftsbewegungeinen abgestimmten Kurs der Reform der industriellen Beziehungen, der auf dieRestrukturierung der Arbeitsorganisation, des Ausbildungssystems und der Struktur der Gewerkschaften zielte. Auf diesen Reformen basiert der Anspruch, daß Australien bei der Suche nach internationaler Wettbewerbsfähigkeit freiwillig, erfolgreich und dauerhaft einen Weg àla Thatcher und Reagan vermieden hat zugunsten eines eher auf Konsens undMitsprache zielenden, sozialdemokratischen Ansatzes.In dem Papier wird bei der Beschreibung und Bewertung der australischen Reformen ein institutionalistischer, angebotsorientierter Theorie-Rahmen verwendet, der sich auf Arbeiten von Wolfgang Streeck stützt. Es werden fünf institutionelle Bedingungen für eine diversifizierte Qualitätsproduktion herausgearbeitet, die alle biszu einem gewissen Grad Gegenstand des genannten Reformprozesses waren, d.h.der technologische Wandel am Arbeitsplatz ist jetzt zugänglich fürgewerkschaftlichen Einfluß und der Beschäftigungsschutz wurde gestärkt. DieArbeitsorganisation und die Qualifizierung waren zentrale Bestandteile der Reformder industriellen Beziehungen. Die meisten Gewerkschaftsmitglieder wurden in zwanzig großen Gewerkschaften zusammengefaßt. Darüberhinaus sind dieMitglieder ausdrücklich in die Entscheidungen über Themen der gewerkschaftlichenArbeit gleichberechtigt einbezogen.Bedauerlicherweise hat diese qualifizierungsorientierte Strategie bis jetzt nochnicht zu den angestrebten Ergebnissen geführt. Die gesamtwirtschaftliche Leistungblieb mittelmäßig, die Präsenz der Gewerkschaften in den Unternehmen ist zurückgegangen und viele gewerkschaftliche Hilfen im Rahmen der Mitgliedschaft und bei (Tarif-)Auseinandersetzungen mit den Unternehmern stehen auf der Kippe. Fehleinschätzungen durch die Gewerkschaften, Widerstände der Arbeitgeber und der Regierung und eine die industriellen Beziehungen erschwerende Hinterlassenschaft institutioneller Regelungen (vor allem nur schwach ausgebildete Strukturen für Verhandlungen und Auseinandersetzungen vor Ort in denUnternehmen) sind Gründe für die enttäuschenden Resultate.Das auf die Angebotsseite ausgerichtete Programm der Gewerkschaften muß inden passenden Zusammenhang gerückt werden. Ohne komplementäre politische Entscheidungen der Regierung, die auf die Gesamtnachfrage und eine Industrie-sowie Finanzreform zielen, kann eine angebotsorientierte Reform nur eine begrenzte Wirkung entfalten. Gewerkschaften allein sind zu schwach, um einen Strukturwandel zu gestalten.Trotzdem: Angesichts weniger Alternativen ist derangebotsorientierte Ansatz das Beste, was für die Gewerkschaften im Angebot ist

Moving Beyond 100 Years: The "WA Approach" to National Party Survival

Since its formation in 1913, the Western Australian branch of the National Party has faced many challenges to its survival. Electoral reform removing rural malapportionment in 2005 prompted changes in strategic direction, including abandoning coalition with the Liberal Party and creating a discrete image, branding and policy approach. Holding the balance of power after the 2008 election, the party adopted a post-election bargaining strategy to secure ministries and funding for its "Royalties for Regions" policy. This "WA approach" is distinctive from amalgamation and coalition arrangements embraced elsewhere in Australia. This article updates progress of the strategy following state and federal elections in 2013 and finds that it has been a success measured by increased votes, seats and policy influence and expansion into regional Western Australia to displace Labor. However, its applicability to other branches of the National Party is likely to be limited

Commonwealth infrastructure funding for Australian universities: 2004 to 2011

This paper provides an overview of recent trends in the provision of general infrastructure funding by the Commonwealth for Australian universities (Table A providers) over the period 2004 to 2011. It specifically examines general infrastructure development and excludes funding for research infrastructure through the Australian Research Council or the research funding programme of the Education Investment Fund