Mechanisms Driving Macrophage Diversity and Specialization in Distinct Tumor Microenvironments and Parallelisms with Other Tissues

Macrophages are extremely versatile cells that adopt a distinct phenotype in response to a changing microenvironment. Consequently, macrophages are involved in diverse functions, ranging from organogenesis and tissue homeostasis to recognition and destruction of invading pathogens. In cancer, tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) often contribute to tumor progression by increasing cancer cell migration and invasiveness, stimulating angiogenesis, and suppressing anti-tumor immunity. Accumulating evidence suggests that these different functions could be exerted by specialized TAM subpopulations. Here, we discuss the potential underlying mechanisms regulating TAM specialization and elaborate on TAM heterogeneity in terms of their ontogeny, activation state, and intra-tumoral localization. In addition, parallels are drawn between TAM and macrophages in other tissues. Together, a better understanding of TAM diversity could provide a rationale for novel strategies aimed at targeting the most potent tumor-supporting macrophages

Expression of the inhibitory Ly49E receptor is not critically involved in the immune response against cutaneous, pulmonary or liver tumours

Natural killer (NK) lymphocytes are part of the innate immune system and are important in immune protection against tumourigenesis. NK cells display a broad repertoire of activating and inhibitory cell surface receptors that regulate NK cell activity. The Ly49 family of NK receptors is composed of several members that recognize major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) or MHC-I-related molecules. Ly49E is a unique inhibitory member, being triggered by the non-MHC-I-related protein urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in contrast to the known MHC-I-triggering of the other inhibitory Ly49 receptors. Ly49E also has an uncommon expression pattern on NK cells, including high expression on liver DX5-NK cells. Furthermore, Ly49E is the only Ly49 member expressed by epidermal gamma delta T cells. As gamma delta T cells and/or NK cells have been shown to be involved in the regulation of cutaneous, pulmonary and liver malignancies, and as uPA is involved in tumourigenesis, we investigated the role of the inhibitory Ly49E receptor in the anti-tumour immune response. We demonstrate that, although Ly49E is highly expressed on epidermal gamma delta T cells and liver NK cells, this receptor does not play a major role in the control of skin tumour formation or in lung and liver tumour development

The tumour microenvironment harbours ontogenically distinct dendritic cell populations with opposing effects on tumour immunity

Various steady state and inflamed tissues have been shown to contain a heterogeneous DC population consisting of developmentally distinct subsets, including cDC1s, cDC2s and monocyte-derived DCs, displaying differential functional specializations. The identification of functionally distinct tumour-associated DC (TADC) subpopulations could prove essential for the understanding of basic TADC biology and for envisaging targeted immunotherapies. We demonstrate that multiple mouse tumours as well as human tumours harbour ontogenically discrete TADC subsets. Monocyte-derived TADCs are prominent in tumour antigen uptake, but lack strong T-cell stimulatory capacity due to NO-mediated immunosuppression. Pre-cDC-derived TADCs have lymph node migratory potential, whereby cDC1s efficiently activate CD8(+) Tcells and cDC2s induce Th17 cells. Mice vaccinated with cDC2s displayed a reduced tumour growth accompanied by a reprogramming of pro-tumoural TAMs and a reduction of MDSCs, while cDC1 vaccination strongly induces anti-tumour CTLs. Our data might prove important for therapeutic interventions targeted at specific TADC subsets or their precursors

Chalcogenide Glass Optical Waveguides for Infrared Biosensing

Due to the remarkable properties of chalcogenide (Chg) glasses, Chg optical waveguides should play a significant role in the development of optical biosensors. This paper describes the fabrication and properties of chalcogenide fibres and planar waveguides. Using optical fibre transparent in the mid-infrared spectral range we have developed a biosensor that can collect information on whole metabolism alterations, rapidly and in situ. Thanks to this sensor it is possible to collect infrared spectra by remote spectroscopy, by simple contact with the sample. In this way, we tried to determine spectral modifications due, on the one hand, to cerebral metabolism alterations caused by a transient focal ischemia in the rat brain and, in the other hand, starvation in the mouse liver. We also applied a microdialysis method, a well known technique for in vivo brain metabolism studies, as reference. In the field of integrated microsensors, reactive ion etching was used to pattern rib waveguides between 2 and 300 μm wide. This technique was used to fabricate Y optical junctions for optical interconnections on chalcogenide amorphous films, which can potentially increase the sensitivity and stability of an optical micro-sensor. The first tests were also carried out to functionalise the Chg planar waveguides with the aim of using them as (bio)sensors

The active enhancer network operated by liganded RXR supports angiogenic activity in macrophages

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Tumor hypoxia does not drive differentiation of tumor-associated macrophages but rather fine-tunes the M2-like macrophage population

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are exposed to multiple microenvironmental cues in tumors, which collaborate to endow these cells with protumoral activities. Hypoxia, caused by an imbalance in oxygen supply and demand because of a poorly organized vasculature, is often a prominent feature in solid tumors. However, to what extent tumor hypoxia regulates the TAM phenotype in vivo is unknown. Here, we show that the myeloid infiltrate in mouse lung carcinoma tumors encompasses two morphologically distinct CD11b(hi)F4/80(hi)Ly6C(lo) TAM subsets, designated as MHC-II(lo) and MHC-II(hi) TAM, both of which were derived from tumor-infiltrating Ly6C(hi) monocytes. MHC-II(lo) TAM express higher levels of prototypical M2 markers and reside in more hypoxic regions. Consequently, MHC-II(lo) TAM contain higher mRNA levels for hypoxia-regulated genes than their MHC-II(hi) counterparts. To assess the in vivo role of hypoxia on these TAM features, cancer cells were inoculated in prolyl hydroxylase domain 2 (PHD2)-haplodeficient mice, resulting in better-oxygenated tumors. Interestingly, reduced tumor hypoxia did not alter the relative abundance of TAM subsets nor their M2 marker expression, but specifically lowered hypoxia-sensitive gene expression and angiogenic activity in the MHC-II(lo) TAM subset. The same observation in PHD2(+/+) → PHD2(+/-) bone marrow chimeras also suggests organization of a better-oxygenized microenvironment. Together, our results show that hypoxia is not a major driver of TAM subset differentiation, but rather specifically fine-tunes the phenotype of M2-like MHC-II(lo) TAM

NK-, NKT-and CD8-derived IFNγ drives myeloid cell activation and erythrophagocytosis, resulting in Trypanosomosis-associated acute anemia

African trypanosomes are the causative agents of Human African Trypanosomosis (HAT/Sleeping Sickness) and Animal African Trypanosomosis (AAT/Nagana). A common hallmark of African trypanosome infections is inflammation. In murine trypanosomosis, the onset of inflammation occurs rapidly after infection and is manifested by an influx of myeloid cells in both liver and spleen, accompanied by a burst of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines. Within 48 hours after reaching peak parasitemia, acute anemia develops and the percentage of red blood cells drops by 50%. Using a newly developed in vivo erythrophagocytosis assay, we recently demonstrated that activated cells of the myeloid phagocytic system display enhanced erythrophagocytosis causing acute anemia. Here, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism and immune pathway behind this phenomenon in a murine model for trypanosomosis. Results indicate that IFNγ plays a crucial role in the recruitment and activation of erythrophagocytic myeloid cells, as mice lacking the IFNγ receptor were partially protected against trypanosomosis-associated inflammation and acute anemia. NK and NKT cells were the earliest source of IFNγ during T. b. brucei infection. Later in infection, CD8+ and to a lesser extent CD4+ T cells become the main IFNγ producers. Cell depletion and transfer experiments indicated that during infection the absence of NK, NKT and CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells, resulted in a reduced anemic phenotype similar to trypanosome infected IFNγR-/- mice. Collectively, this study shows that NK, NKT and CD8+ T cell-derived IFNγ is a critical mediator in trypanosomosis-associated pathology, driving enhanced erythrophagocytosis by myeloid phagocytic cells and the induction of acute inflammation-associated anemia

Spectroscopie infrarouge déportée : mise au point d'un biocapteur pour l'imagerie métabolique et la sécurité microbiologique

Pr. P. VIGNY, CNRS Orléans, Présidentdu jury. Pr. M. MANFAIT, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Rapporteur. Dr. A. DESBOIS, Directeur de recherche, CEA /Saclay, Rapporteur. Dr. J.L. ADAM,Directeur de recherche, Université de Rennes 1. Pr. O. SIRE, Université de Bretagne-Sud. Dr. B. BUREAU, Université de Rennes 1.An optical chalcogenide fibre biosensor operating in the Mid-Infrared (MIR) has been developed. It enables to collect infra-Red (IR) spectra by remote spectroscopy thanks to the fibre. The principle of measurement is based on the general concept of Fibre Evanescent Wave spectroscopy. To improve the detection of such a sensor, a tapered fibre is necessary. The transportation section diameter is 450 µm, and 100 µm in the sensing zone, it is this part of the fibre which will be brought into contact with the sample to analyse. Metabolic states of a biological tissue and fluid have been characterised. Samples, mouse livers and serums, are put into contact with the fibre and MIR spectra are collected. The aim is to identify two different metabolic states (pathogenic one and normal) of a same sample. Spectral differences have been identified and assigned to metabolic alterations of glucids, lipids and/or proteins. This differences consist in an increase of the absorption bands intensity and/or shift of characteristic bands. In any case, all spectral results are in agreement with histologic staining and dosages of the sample. The second topics concerns the non-invasive and in situ monitoring of the dynamics of bacterial biofilm. The model used is an uropathogenic micro-organism, called Proteus mirabilis, which exhibits a strong swarming abilities. This bacteria has developed a complex multi-cellular behaviour correlated in space and in time, which permits itself to colonise new surfaces. The change from a vegetative to a differentiated state (pathogenic one) is accompanied by important biochemical modifications in the bacteria membrane. MIR spectra, collected during the P. mirabilis. biofilm development, allow to detect in real time a surface contamination thanks to the fibre, but also biochemical modifications of the bacteria membrane constituents. All spectra have been analysed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method to classify spectra by metabolic state but also to determine the spatial cartography of P. mirabilis phenotype.Un biocapteur à base de fibre optique en verre de chalcogénures, transparente dans un large domaine du moyen infrarouge (MIR), a été développé. Il permet l'enregistrement de spectres MIR par spectroscopie déportée. Le principe de la mesure est basé sur le concept de la spectroscopie par ondes évanescentes. Pour améliorer la sensibilité, les fibres utilisées sont effilées sur quelques centimètres et ont un profil en diamètre de 450-100-450 µm. La zone effilée sera mise en contact avec l'échantillon à analyser. Différents états métaboliques (physiologique ou pathologique) dans le foie et le sérum ont été analysés. Les coupes de foies et les sérums ont été mis directement en contact avec la partie senseur de la fibre, et des spectres MIR ont ainsi été collectés. L'objectif de ces études est d'identifier deux états métaboliques différents (sain et pathologique) d'un même échantillon. Des modifications spectrales peuvent être mises en évidence et reliées à une ou des altération(s) du métabolisme des lipides, glucides et/ou protides. Ces modifications peuvent être des différences d'intensité et/ou des décalages en nombre d'onde de bandes d'absorption. Tous les résultats sont corrélés avec les dosages sanguins et les colorations histologiques des échantillons analysés. Le développement d'un biofilm bactérien a été suivi in situ et en temps réel. Proteus mirabilis est un micro-organisme pathogène, opportuniste des voies urinaires, qui a développé un comportement multi-cellulaires complexe, corrélé dans l'espace et le temps, ce qui lui permet de coloniser de nouvelles surfaces. Durant le processus de différenciation, le changement de l'état végétatif à celui migrant (pathogène) est accompagné par des modifications des constituants membranaires. Les spectres MIR, enregistrés pendant le développement d'un biofilm à P. mirabilis, permettent de détecter en temps réel une contamination de surface, mais aussi les modifications biochimiques des constituants de la membrane bactérienne. Tous les spectres ont été traités par Analyse en Composantes Principales (ACP), d'une part pour une reconnaissance non-supervisée d'une pathologie, et d'autre part, déterminer la distribution spatiale des phénotypes de P. mirabilis au sein du biofil

Adoptive Transfer of Monocytes Sorted from Bone Marrow

Inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytes can give rise to distinct mononuclear myeloid cells in the tumor microenvironment, such as monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (Mo-MDSC), immature macrophages, M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), M1-like TAMs or monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs). This protocol describes a method to assess the fate and recruitment of inflammatory Ly6Chi monocytes in the tumor microenvironment