The Response of Marital Fertility to Short term Macroeconomic Crisis An Event History Analysis, Ethiopia: 1973-2011

Abstract: This thesis combined the individual level longitudinal data, from the 2011 Ethiopian demographic and health survey, with annual GDP and price indicators, to examine the response of marital fertility to short term macroeconomic stress that Ethiopians has been facing in the last forty years. A two-level discrete time random effect models were employed to estimate the risk of next birth. Rural households, landed and agrarians responded strongly to short term economic stresses. The death of the previous child, education and service sector employment are important moderates of the effect of economic hardships. Strong and significant response is observed only in the second year after the crisis, which evidenced to the absence of planned and deliberate birth controls in this agrarian society. Instead, it pointed to the importance of temporary migration of family member as a coping mechanism to shocks. Similarly, a crisis –induced malnutrition was a plausible mechanism to lower marital fertility in the second year of economic crisis. The study calls for policy measures in improving the productivity and diversified income sources of the small holder agrarians, and reduction of infant and child mortality as a an important tool to lower total fertility rate in the country

Factors Affecting Drinking Water Quality from Source to Home in Tehuledere Woreda, Northeast Ethiopia

BACK GROUND: Water becomes contaminated with faecal material due to inadequate protection of the source, unhygienic practices of the community at the source and poor household handling practices. The objective of this study was to identify the risks associated with the protected source, to determine the water quality of the source and household drinking water and to assess the water handling practices of the community. METHODS: A cross-sectional study on the quality of protected springs and household drinking water by testing for bacterial contamination was carried out in Tehuledere woreda in January 2002. Data were collected using sanitary survey, interviewing of households and bacteriological analysis of water. The study included five protected springs and 192 selected household users of the springs as sole sources of all purpose water supplies. RESULTS: It was found that a spring with high sanitary risk score had an inferior quality bacteriological tests (Hitecha spring) while those springs with low sanitary risk score found had excellent quality (Gobeya and Pasomile). Among a total of 192 households, 123(64.1%) washed their hands during collection of water, 141(73.4%) rinsed their collection containers. In addition, 178(92.7%) had cover for their storage vessels and 138 (72.0%) drew water from container by dipping. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study indicated that spring protection was found to be necessary condition but not a sufficient condition for the provision of safe water supply. Training of local people to look after the water supply system, expansion of hygiene, health education on sanitation could have a notable impact for the provision of safe water supply. [Ethiop J Health Sci 2003; 13(2): 95-106].Ethiop J Health Sci Vol. 13, No 2 July 200

Factors Contributing to Educational Wastage at Primary Level:The Case of Lanfuro Woreda, Southern Ethiopia

The purpose of this study was to investigation the magnitude of educational wastage of primary schools in Lanfuro woreda Attempts are also made to identify the major factors that contribute to educational wastage and suggest possible strategies to alleviate them To this end descriptive survey method was employed to reveal the current situation of high rate of grade repetition and drop-out educational wastage The data regarding enrolment repetition and drop-outs were obtained from Lanfuro woreda educational department and sample school s document The study included five schools 280 students 46 teachers and 5 principals of sample schools Sample schools were selected using stratified sampling technique to give focus both rural and urban schools random sampling technique was applied to select teachers and students drop-outs and repeaters Principals were selected using purposive sampling technique The data gathered through questionnaire was analyzed using mean median and percentag

An Assessment of Leadership Styles towards Students Academic Performance in Government Secondary Schools of Wolaita and Dawro Zones, South Ethiopia

The major purpose of this study was to assess the leadership styles practiced by principals of the secondary schools towards students academic performance of Wolaita and Dawro Zones In order to achieve the objective of the study descriptive survey method was employed The study was conducted in four government secondary and preparatory schools of Wolaita Zone and three Secondary and Preparatory Schools of Dawro Zone The schools were selected by simple random sampling techniques Teachers were selected by systematic sampling while principals were selected by using the availability sampling The study included 14 principals and 280 teachers Questionnaires observation and document analysis were used to collect data Data were analyzed using percentages mean and weighted mean Based on the analysis the study portrayed that almost all principals and teachers were first degree holders considerable number of principals were not specialized in the management fields of study and less stake holders involvement in the decision making process were found to be the major factors Hence it is recommended that each schools principals should be provided with appropriate training and development in stake holder involvement communication with stake holders appropriate leadership styles and team wor

An Analysis of the Status of Marginalization of School Age Children in Wolaita and Dawro Zones: The Case of Maraka and Damot Pulasa Weredas of the Two Zones, South Ethiopia

The purpose of this study was to analyze the major causes of marginalization and illiteracy of Menas Menjas and Hilanchas social classes in Dawro and Wolaita zones In order to attain this objective descriptive survey method was employed The study was carried out in four kebeles of Wolaita zone and 6 kebeles of Dawro zones Purposive sampling technique for the selection of the weredas and availability sampling technique for the selection of the kebeles and subjects were used Hence the wereda education office authorities parents and the children of Menjas Menas and Hilanchas in Wolaita case were involved and the questionnaire was distributed among officials filled out and in addition the wereda education office authorities parents and children of those social classes were interviewed in grou

Education rather than age structure brings demographic dividend

The relationship between population changes and economic growth has been debated since Malthus. Initially focusing on population growth, the notion of demographic dividend has shifted the attention to changes in age structures with an assumed window of opportunity that opens when falling birth rates lead to a relatively higher proportion of the working-age population. This has become the dominant paradigm in the field of population and development, and an advocacy tool for highlighting the benefits of family planning and fertility decline. While this view acknowledges that the dividend can only be realized if associated with investments in human capital, its causal trigger is still seen in exogenous fertility decline. In contrast, unified growth theory has established human capital as a trigger of both demographic transition and economic growth. We assess the relative importance of changing age structure and increasing human capital for economic growth for a panel of 165 countries during the time period of 1980-2015. The results show a clear dominance of improving education over age structure and give evidence that the demographic dividend is driven by human capital. Declining youth dependency ratios even show negative impacts on income growth when combined with low education. Based on a multidimensional understanding of demography that considers education in addition to age, and with a view to the additional effects of education on health and general resilience, we conclude that the true demographic dividend is a human capital dividend. Global population policies should thus focus on strengthening the human resource base for sustainable development

Education rather than age structure brings demographic dividend

The relationship between population changes and economic growth has been debated since Malthus. Initially focusing on population growth, the notion of demographic dividend has shifted the attention to changes in age structures with an assumed window of opportunity that opens when falling birth rates lead to a relatively higher proportion of the working-age population. This has become the dominant paradigm in the field of population and development, and an advocacy tool for highlighting the benefits of family planning and fertility decline. While this view acknowledges that the dividend can only be realized if associated with investments in human capital, its causal trigger is still seen in exogenous fertility decline. In contrast, unified growth theory has established human capital as a trigger of both demographic transition and economic growth. We assess the relative importance of changing age structure and increasing human capital for economic growth for a panel of 165 countries during the time period of 1980-2015. The results show a clear dominance of improving education over age structure and give evidence that the demographic dividend is driven by human capital. Declining youth dependency ratios even show negative impacts on income growth when combined with low education. Based on a multidimensional understanding of demography that considers education in addition to age, and with a view to the additional effects of education on health and general resilience, we conclude that the true demographic dividend is a human capital dividend. Global population policies should thus focus on strengthening the human resource base for sustainable development

Education & the Sustainable Development Goals

Background paper prepared for the 2016 Global Education Monitoring ReportThe review conducted here is not a “systematic review” in the technical sense, with a fixed set of search and selection criteria applied to a defined set of potential sources. One of the aims was of this review was to capture insights from across a large range of disciplines, many of which use their own language and terminology for phenomena that are educational in fact but not in name. In addition, in the area of educational development itself, “grey” literature is common, which ordinarily would not be included in a scientific review. Accordingly, we proceeded through a combination of “snowball” sampling, starting from key studies or review articles, purposive searching to close specific gaps (or to verify the absence of evidence), and by consulting our extensive professional networks. This approach allowed us to identify a diverse range of important items, which would have been missed had we taken a more systematic, scientific approach. An important limitation is that a review of the present scope and ambition can never be fully comprehensive, and that the selection and choices made inevitably partly reflect our own particular areas of expertise and interest, as well as a certain amount of chance. In addition, the timing of the work relative to the SDG process means that only the draft targets were available when we began our review, and also that keeping up to date with other related efforts has been a “moving target”. Around the formal adoption of the SDGs, relevant documents, reports, and data were published almost on a daily basis. At the same time, one strength of our approach has been precisely to be able to take advantage of our networks and social media to learn of such publications almost immediately

Migration influenced by environmental change in Africa:A systematic review of empirical evidence

BACKGROUND Despite an increase in scholarly and policy interest regarding the impacts of environmental change on migration, empirical knowledge in the field remains varied, patchy, and limited. Generalised discourse on environmental migration frequently oversimplifies the complex channels through which environmental change influences the migration process. OBJECTIVE This paper aims to systematise the existing empirical evidence on migration influenced by environmental change with a focus on Africa, the continent most vulnerable to climate change. METHODS We select 53 qualitative and quantitative studies on the influence of environmental change on migration from the comprehensive Climig database and systematically analyse the literature considering the multidimensional drivers of migration. RESULTS Environmental change influences migration in Africa in an indirect way by affecting other drivers of migration, including sociodemographic, economic, and political factors. How and in what direction environmental change influences migration depends on socioeconomic and geographical contexts, demographic characteristics, and the type and duration of migration. CONCLUSIONS The contextually contingent nature of migration-environment relationships prevents us from drawing a universal conclusion, whether environmental change will increase or suppress migration in Africa. However, this study unravels the complex interactions between the nature and duration of the environmental pressure, the livelihood of the populations, the role of kinship ties and the role of demographic differentials on migration response. CONTRIBUTION The review provides an initial systematic and comprehensive summary of empirical evidence on the environmental drivers of migration in Africa. It also discusses the implications of the scale, materials, and methods used in the 53 studies