ハッタツ ショウガイ ガ アル フトウコウ ジドウ セイト エノ タメンテキナ シエン ニ ツイテノ イチコウサツ : ヘイセイ 18ネンド フトウコウ セイト ニ カンスル ツイセキ チョウサ ホウコク ノ ルイケイ ブンセキ オ テガカリ トシテ

本研究は，不登校児童生徒についての文部科学省による実態報告書に示された５類型に着目し，その内の「類型４：複合」に発達障害がある児童生徒が含まれているのではないかとの仮説を提出した。その仮説について，筆者が関わっている不登校支援事業の15名の発達障害がある児童生徒の臨床像によって検討し，その結果から発達障害がある不登校児童生徒への多面的な支援のあり方について提言した。This study focused on a report by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology on actual situations concerning non-attendant children. The report set out five types of such children. The author hypothesized on the fourth type: “the Compound” type which includes non-attendant children with developmental disorders. The results showed that a multiple support system for non-attendant children with developmental disorders at an early stage was both important and effective

Factors that Can Promote or Impede the Advancement of Women as Leaders in Surgery : Results from an International Survey

Compared with male surgeons, women have less success advancing their careers and are underrepresented in leadership positions in surgery. The purpose of this study is to identify the qualifications necessary to become leaders in surgery and the career barriers faced by women surgeons in various cultural environments. A survey was performed with women surgeons in Japan, USA, Finland, and Hong Kong, China, to assess various barriers faced by women surgeons in the respective countries. To develop appropriate survey tool, a preliminary questionnaire was distributed to leaders in surgery and also in various organizations worldwide. The response rate was 23 % with 225 of 964 survey returned. Japanese women surgeons identify lacked family support as impeding a successful surgical career. US women surgeons feel more latent gender discrimination. Finnish women surgeons are less likely to need to sacrifice work-life balance, when holding leadership positions. Women surgeons worldwide are highly motivated to develop their career and agree the percentage of women surgeons in leadership positions should be increased. Women surgeons in different countries perceive different challenges. We must develop strategies and should not hesitate to negotiate to overcome these issues to reach leadership positions in surgery. This may be accomplished through networking worldwide to improve current conditions and obstacles.Peer reviewe