Differentiation of banding patterns between Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus isolates in rep-PCR using ERIC primer

Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus are considered to be important bacterial species in the initiation of human dental caries. Therefore, the establishment of a reliable genotyping method to distinguish S. mutans from S. sobrinus is of central importance.We assessed the usefulness of repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) using ERIC primer banding patterns in differentiating S. mutans and S. sobrinus.Five S. mutans and two S. sobrinus prototype strains and 50 clinical isolates (38 S. mutans serotype c, 4 S. sobrinus serotype d, and 8 S. sobrinus serotype g) were examined. The banding patterns of amplicons generated were compared among the prototype strains and clinical isolates, to find common bands that distinguish S. mutans and S. sobrinus.Multiple banding patterns were seen with all strains tested. The representative strains of S. mutans tested revealed six unique, strong bands at 2,000 bp, 1,700 bp, 1,400 bp, 1,100 bp, 850 bp, and 250 bp, whereas S. sobrinus had seven strong bands at 2,000 bp, 1,800 bp, 1,100 bp, 900 bp, 800 bp, 600 bp, and 550 bp. The band at 1,100 bp was the only band that was observed in both S. mutans and S. sobrinus. Furthermore, most clinical S. mutans isolates revealed identical banding patterns. All S. mutans had amplicons at 1,700 bp, 850 bp, and 250 bp, whereas those of S. sobrinus were at 1,100 bp, 900 bp, and 800 bp.These results indicate that using rep-PCR with the ERIC primers can distinguish between S. mutans and S. sobrinus

鹿児島県下の高校生の環境問題に関する認識(第3報) : 知識の情報源,環境問題の授業の評価,環境を守るために必要な事項および今後の課題

In September 1998, questionnaires on the source of environmental issues, the evaluation and the handling of the classes on the issues, and what was necessary for conserve the environment were investigated of 666 senior high school students in Kagoshima Prefecture. The following results were clarified : 1. Sources of knowledge concerning environmental issues were television (75%), newspaper (33%), other classes (29%), and home economics classes (8%). When students made the newspaper a source, they had awareness, knowledge, activity experiences, and responsible concern for the environment more than others significantly. 2. Eighty nine percent of the respondents answered that the classes on environmental issues were "Insufficiency". However, only 45% wanted to learn the issues in the class positively, and few items were wanted to study. 3. Forty eight percent of students gave the knowledge and the desire as a necessity to conserve the environment, and 35% gave oractice. Furthermore, 13% gave consideration and the action of the individual

A Study of Dying Children : Transfer of the Nursing Viewpoint

Most nursing scientists are interested in adult\u27s death and someone is studying it, so that we can find a lot of papers written about it. But we can hardly read the papers researching into the child\u27s death, because scientists are used to see the child as a being quite different from the adult. Today, it is said that almost children are not thinking their dying, and if they worry about dying themslves, tell them it is not likely to happen for many years. According to the historical research, the idea like that is something special, derived from the modern social structure, and so it is not universal. We think, therefore, nurses should care for the children as a personality, or a person of maturity and independence