42 research outputs found
ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ Π½Π° Π±Π°Π·Π΅ Π±Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ° Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°
Π‘ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π° Π½Π° Π±Π°Π·Π΅ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ-ΠΌΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π°Π±Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ². Π’ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΡ
, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΊ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π°ΠΌ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π° Π½Π° Π±Π°Π·Π΅ Π±Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ° Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π°Π±Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ°, Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΈ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ 1,5-2,0 ΠΌΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΡΡΠ° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π°, Π° ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ-ΠΌΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊΠ°. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ-ΠΌΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π±Π°Π·Π΅ Π±Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΊΠ° Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ΅
Removal of highly polar micropollutants from wastewater by powdered activated carbon
Due to concerns about ecotoxicological effects of pharmaceuticals and other micropollutants released from wastewater treatment plants, activated carbon adsorption is one of the few processes to effectively reduce the concentrations of micropollutants in wastewater. Although aimed mainly at apolar compounds, polar compounds are also simultaneously removed to a certain extent, which has rarely been studied before. In this study, adsorption isotherm and batch kinetic data were collected with two powdered activated carbons (PACs) to assess the removal of the polar pharmaceuticals 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) and cytarabine (CytR) from ultrapure water and wastewater treatment plant effluent. At pHβ7.8, single-solute adsorption isotherm data for the weak acid 5-Fu and the weak base CytR showed that their adsorption capacities were about 1 order of magnitude lower than those of the less polar endocrine disrupting chemicals bisphenol A (BPA) and 17-Ξ±-ethinylestradiol (EE2). To remove 90% of the adsorbate from a single-solute solution 14, 18, 70, and 87mgβLβ1 of HOK Super is required for EE2, BPA, CytR, and 5-Fu, respectively. Effects of solution pH, ionic strength, temperature, and effluent organic matter (EfOM) on 5-Fu and CytR adsorption were evaluated for one PAC. Among the studied factors, the presence of EfOM had the highest effect, due to a strong competition on 5-Fu and CytR adsorption. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic data and their modeling with a homogeneous surface diffusion model showed that removal percentage in the presence of EfOM was independent on the initial concentration of the ionizable compounds 5-Fu and CytR. These results are similar to neutral organic compounds in the presence of natural organic matter. Overall, results showed that PAC doses sufficient to remove >90% of apolar adsorbates were able to remove no more than 50% of the polar adsorbates 5-Fu and CytR and that the contact time is a critical paramete
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ "ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ" ΠΏΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ "ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ"
ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ "ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ" Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅ (ΠΠΠ‘), ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ (PC) Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ MatLab/Simulink/SimPowerSystems
LMS Moodle ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ·Π°
Π‘ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΌ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π²ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ. Π ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
Π² Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ (ΠΠΠ’) ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΉ (ΠΠΠ) ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ β "Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ" [1], ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ. Π Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π²ΡΠ·Π΅. ΠΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π° Moodle
Bistable polarization switching in mutually coupled vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers
3 pages.-- OCIS codes: 250.5270, 260.5430.-- Final full-text version of the paper available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OL.31.000996.We theoretically investigate the polarization-resolved dynamics of two vertical-cavity surface-emitting semiconductor lasers that are mutually
coupled through coherent optical injection. We find a sequence of bistable polarization switchings that can be induced by either
changing the coupling strength or the optical propagation phase. The successive polarization switchings are correlated to the creation
of new compound-cavity modes when these parameters are continuously varied.The authors acknowledge financial support from MEC (Spain) and Feder, project FIS2004-00953. JM
is supported by the CSIC (Spain) through the program I3P-PC2003. MS acknowledges support from UIB (Spain)
Advanced wastewater treatment by nanofiltration and activated carbon for high quality water reuse
Hybrid processes combining activated carbon and nanofiltration have been studied to identify the optimum solution for advanced wastewater treatment in high quality water reclamation and reuse. With a focus on the removal of bulk and trace organic compounds the investigation identified three promising process combinations, namely powdered activated carbon followed by nanofiltration (PAC/NF), granular activated carbon followed by nanofiltration (GAC/NF) and nanofiltration followed by granular activated carbon (NF/GAC). The removal potential was examined in lab and pilot scale for a range of refractory pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals typically detected in effluent in trace concentrations ranging from ng/L to Γ¬g/L. Fluorescence excitation emission spectroscopy was employed for the investigation of the fate of effluent organic matter. The optimum strategies for operation of the hybrid processes were determined in pilot scale. The experiments were conducted at the Wastewater Treatment Plant Aachen Soers providing an effluent of high quality with low dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations of about 5 mg/L. In comparison to a single stage NF or a single adsorption stage, all three hybrid processes provide a superior product quality with DOC concentrations clearly below 0.5 mg/L and organic micropollutant concentrations close or below the limit of quantification. If a high degree of salinity removal is not required, nanofiltration-activated carbon hybrid processes can be regarded as a reliable and economic alternative to dual membrane processes (ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis). They are well suited for high-grade water reuse applications. Due to lower filtration pressures the hybrid processes feature lower energy consumption and produce less problematic concentrates mainly consisting of organics and multivalent ions which can be precipitated. They feature also some advantages in indirect potable reuse applications such as managed aquifer recharge since the salt content of the product water is closer to natural conditions. The optimum combination of nanofiltration and activated carbon depends on local boundary conditions such as size of plant, raw water characteristics and plant location. In the light of growing water scarcity and increasing concerns about organic micropollutants activated carbon treatment in combination with nanofiltration has the potential to be applied in an increasing number of cases