ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ТЕХНІЧНОГО СТАНУ СИСТЕМИ ОСВІТЛЕННЯ ТРАНСПОРТНИХ ЗАСОБІВ ІЗ ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ СУЧАСНИХ ПРИЛАДІВ

While investigating traffic accidents that took place during darkness hours on unlighted area of carriage way, investigating authorities are interested in reasons that, from a technical point of view, could lead vehicle to run down a pedestrian or a stationary obstacle, to a collision of vehicles. Furthermore, while performing research on technical condition of a vehicle lighting system using modern equipment, forensic autotechnician experts are faced with problems related to the lack of skills in using such equipment. Moreover, while solving certain issues related to the technical state of lighting system, posed questions are not fully disclosed by forensic autotechnician experts, “narrow” conclusions are made, so far as during examining technical state of vehicle lighting system, most forensic autotechnician experts do not apply to State Standard DSTU 3649:2010 requirements. This article details the order of actions of specialists, forensic experts while performing research on technical state of the vehicle lighting system using the modern OMA 684D device. The minimum values of headlamp intensity for certain types of headlights bulbs in according to Rules ECE UNO (Economic Commission for Europe the United Nations Organization) requirements are described. Recommendations for use of DSTU 3649:2010 are given while performing research technical condition of vehicle lighting system. To obtain result values in candelas, as required by DSTU 3649:2010, the calculation of the translation of the values of headlamps light intensity from luxes to candelas is offered. Minimum and maximum values of the headlamps light intensity for certain types of light distribution according to DSTU 3649:2010 are also indicated. The decoding of headlight types with values of light intensity is given. For better perception of the correctness of the research results, images of the control points location depending on the type of light distribution are indicated.При расследовании дорожно-транспортных происшествий, которые имели место в темное время суток, на неосвещенном участке проезжей части, следственные органы интересуют причины, которые, с технической точки зрения, могли привести к наезду транспортного средства на пешехода или неподвижное препятствие, к столкновению транспортных средств. Кроме того, при проведении исследований технического состояния системы освещения транспортных средств, с применением современного оборудования, судебные эксперты-автотехники сталкиваются с проблемами, связанными с отсутствием навыков использования такого оборудования. Также, при решении определенных вопросов, связанных с техническим состоянием системы освещения, поставленные вопросы раскрываются экспертами-автотехниками не в полном объеме, делаются «узкие» выводы, поскольку при исследовании технического состояния системы освещения транспортных средств большинство экспертов-автотехников не обращаются к требованиям ГОСТ ДСТУ 3649:2010. В статье подробно рассмотрен порядок действий специалистов, судебных экспертов при проведении исследования технического состоянии системы освещения транспортного средства, с использованием современного прибора ОМА 684D. Приведены минимальные значения интенсивности света фар для определенных типов ламп фар согласно требованиям Правил ЕЭК ООН (Европейская экономическая комиссия Организации объединeнных наций). Даны рекомендации по использованию ГОСТ ДСТУ 3649:2010 при проведении исследования технического состояния системы освещения транспортных средств. Для получения значений результатов в канделах, как этого требует ГОСТ ДСТУ 3649:2010, приведен расчет перевода значений силы света фар из люксов в канделы. Также указаны минимальные и максимальные значения силы света фар для определенных типов светораспределения в соответствии с ГОСТ ДСТУ 3649:2010. Дана расшифровка типов фар с указанными значениями силы света. Для лучшего восприятия правильности получения результатов исследования показаны изображения расположения контрольных точек в зависимости от типа светораспределения.Розглянуто питання, які стосуються експертних методів дослідження технічного стану системи освітлення транспортних засобів із використанням сучасного обладнання. Наведено порядок дій спеціаліста, судового експерта при огляді й дослідженні системи освітлення транспортних засобів, який дозволяє встановити з достатньою точністю її технічний стан, використовуючи сучасні прилади та прийомі дослідження

ЕКСПЕРТНИЙ ПІДХІД ПРИ ДОСЛІДЖЕННІ ПРИЧИН СХОДУ ТРАМВАЇВ ІЗ РЕЙКОВИХ КОЛІЙ (СТРІЛОЧНИХ ПЕРЕВОДІВ)

During investigation of road-traffic accidents with tramways participation, investigative bodies are interested in the causes which, from the technical point of view, could lead to coming-off of a tram from rails. In the paper the case in which two drivers of separate tram cars took part, is considered. Circumstances of road traffic accident consist in the following. During transit of the first tram through automated turnout in the moment when the first bogie of the first tram has already proceeded the switch, and the second has not yet, there was shift of a point rail, that is, there was a shift of rail for the movement in other direction. As a result of it the first bogie of the first tram has continued movement in the same direction, and the second bogi has started to move in another direction. In other words there has occurred turnout incut. In order to check operation of a turnout, various modes of its operation were simulated. Also experimental transits of tram cars were carried out. The obtained data has allowed to draw up a conclusion that the cause of the first tram coming-off from rails was a technical malfunction switch and coincidence of certain circumstances. That is, on the one hand, automatic moving ofpoint switch occurred only for tram movement to the left. On the other hand, the reason of the first tram descent from a railway was that the driver of the second tram has passed entrance harp during the moment when the first tram still was in a pass stage of switch. In article the algorithm of the specialist actions in a similar situation during carrying out of investigatory experiment is resulted and the list of questions solved at carrying out of switch researches, which works in an automatic mode at the moment of traffic accident occurrence is stated.Розглянуто питання, які стосуються експертних методів дослідження при технічному аналізі дорожньо-транспортної пригоди за участю трамвая. Наведено порядок дій спеціаліста, судового експерта на слідчих експериментах, який дозволяє встановити технічну причину виникнення пригоди при сході трамвайного вагона на стрілочному переводі, що працював в автоматичному режимі на момент пригоди. Запропоновано перелік питань, що вирішуються при проведенні таких досліджень

Hepatocyte Permissiveness to Plasmodium Infection Is Conveyed by a Short and Structurally Conserved Region of the CD81 Large Extracellular Domain

Invasion of hepatocytes by Plasmodium sporozoites is a prerequisite for establishment of a malaria infection, and thus represents an attractive target for anti-malarial interventions. Still, the molecular mechanisms underlying sporozoite invasion are largely unknown. We have previously reported that the tetraspanin CD81, a known receptor for the hepatitis C virus (HCV), is required on hepatocytes for infection by sporozoites of several Plasmodium species. Here we have characterized CD81 molecular determinants required for infection of hepatocytic cells by P. yoelii sporozoites. Using CD9/CD81 chimeras, we have identified in CD81 a 21 amino acid stretch located in a domain structurally conserved in the large extracellular loop of tetraspanins, which is sufficient in an otherwise CD9 background to confer susceptibility to P. yoelii infection. By site-directed mutagenesis, we have demonstrated the key role of a solvent-exposed region around residue D137 within this domain. A mAb that requires this region for optimal binding did not block infection, in contrast to other CD81 mAbs. This study has uncovered a new functionally important region of CD81, independent of HCV E2 envelope protein binding domain, and further suggests that CD81 may not interact directly with a parasite ligand during Plasmodium infection, but instead may regulate the function of a yet unknown partner protein

Distinct Regions of the Large Extracellular Domain of Tetraspanin CD9 Are Involved in the Control of Human Multinucleated Giant Cell Formation

Multinucleated giant cells, formed by the fusion of monocytes/macrophages, are features of chronic granulomatous inflammation associated with infections or the persistent presence of foreign material. The tetraspanins CD9 and CD81 regulate multinucleated giant cell formation: soluble recombinant proteins corresponding to the large extracellular domain (EC2) of human but not mouse CD9 can inhibit multinucleated giant cell formation, whereas human CD81 EC2 can antagonise this effect. Tetraspanin EC2 are all likely to have a conserved three helix sub-domain and a much less well-conserved or hypervariable sub-domain formed by short helices and interconnecting loops stabilised by two or more disulfide bridges. Using CD9/CD81 EC2 chimeras and point mutants we have mapped the specific regions of the CD9 EC2 involved in multinucleated giant cell formation. These were primarily located in two helices, one in each sub-domain. The cysteine residues involved in the formation of the disulfide bridges in CD9 EC2 were all essential for inhibitory activity but a conserved glycine residue in the tetraspanin-defining ‘CCG’ motif was not. A tyrosine residue in one of the active regions that is not conserved between human and mouse CD9 EC2, predicted to be solvent-exposed, was found to be only peripherally involved in this activity. We have defined two spatially-distinct sites on the CD9 EC2 that are required for inhibitory activity. Agents that target these sites could have therapeutic applications in diseases in which multinucleated giant cells play a pathogenic role

The Tetraspanins CD9 and CD81 Regulate CD9P1-Induced Effects on Cell Migration

CD9P-1 is a cell surface protein with immunoglobulin domains and an unknown function that specifically associates with tetraspanins CD9 and CD81. Overexpression of CD9P-1 in HEK-293 cells induces dramatic changes in cell spreading and migration on various matrices. Experiments using time-lapse videomicroscopy revealed that CD9P-1 expression has led to higher cell motility on collagen I but lower motility on fibronectin through a β1-integrins dependent mechanism. On collagen I, the increase in cell motility induced by CD9P-1 expression was found to involve integrin α2β1 and CD9P-1 was observed to associate with this collagen receptor. The generation of CD9P-1 mutants demonstrated that the transmembrane and the cytoplasmic domains are necessary for inducing effects on cell motility. On the other hand, expression of tetraspanins CD9 or CD81 was shown to reverse the effects of CD9P-1 on cell motility on collagen I or fibronectin with a concomitant association with CD9P-1. Thus, the ratio of expression levels between CD9P-1 and its tetraspanin partners can regulate cell motility

Measurement of pion and proton response and longitudinal shower profiles up to 20 nuclear interaction lengths with the ATLAS Tile calorimeter

The response of pions and protons in the energy range of 20 to 180 GeV produced at CERN's SPS H8 test beam line in the ATLAS iron-scintillator Tile hadron calorimeter has been measured. The test-beam configuration allowed to measure the longitudinal shower development for pions and protons up to 20 nuclear interaction lengths. It is found that pions penetrate deeper in the calorimeter than protons. However, protons induce showers that are wider laterally to the direction of the impinging particle. Including the measured total energy response, the pion to proton energy ratio and the resolution, all observations are consistent with a higher electromagnetic energy fraction in pion induced showers. The data are compared with GEANT4 simulations using several hadronic physics lists. The measured longitudinal shower profiles are described by an analytical shower parameterization within an accuracy of 5-10%. The amount of energy leaking out behind the calorimeter is determined and parameterised as a function of the beam energy and the calorimeter depth. This allows for a leakage correction of test-beam results in the standard projective geometry

The ATLAS Data Acquisition and High-Level Trigger: Concept, Design and Status

The Trigger and Data Acquisition system (TDAQ) of the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider is based on a multi-level selection process and a hierarchical acquisition tree. The system, consisting of a combination of custom electronics and commercial products from the computing and telecommunication industry, is required to provide an online selection power of 105 and a total throughput in the range of Terabit/sec. This paper introduces the basic system requirements and concepts, describes the architecture of the system, discusses the basic measurements supporting the validity of the design and reports on the actual status of construction and installation

The ATLAS trigger - high-level trigger commissioning and operation during early data taking

The ATLAS experiment is one of the two general-purpose experiments due to start operation soon at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The LHC will collide protons at a centre of mass energy of 14~TeV, with a bunch-crossing rate of 40~MHz. The ATLAS three-level trigger will reduce this input rate to match the foreseen offline storage capability of 100-200~Hz. This paper gives an overview of the ATLAS High Level Trigger focusing on the system design and its innovative features. We then present the ATLAS trigger strategy for the initial phase of LHC exploitation. Finally, we report on the valuable experience acquired through in-situ commissioning of the system where simulated events were used to exercise the trigger chain. In particular we show critical quantities such as event processing times, measured in a large-scale HLT farm using a complex trigger menu

The ATLAS Trigger/DAQ Authorlist, version 1.0

This is a reference document giving the ATLAS Trigger/DAQ author list, version 1.0 of 20 Nov 2008

The ATLAS Trigger/DAQ Authorlist, version 3.0

This is the ATLAS Trigger/DAQ Authorlist, version 3.0, 11 September 200