393 research outputs found

    Schools as Criminal \u27Hot Spots\u27: A Replication and Extension

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    The rise of youth involvement in crime and the increase in crime associated with schools has prompted growing national concern and evoked serious scholarly attention. Traditionally, research involving youth and crime centers on offender rather than environmental characteristics. The purpose of this work is to shift the emphasis from the individual to the environment by replicating and extending the work of Roncek and associates which was based, in part, on Cohen and Felson’s Routine Activities theory. The work by Roncek and associates demonstrated that residential blocks with or adjacent to public high schools have higher incidence of crime than other residential blocks. In this study, all Cleveland schools registered with the Ohio Department of Education were used as independent variable measures for the dependent variable of Cleveland burglaries from 1989 to 1991. The school measures were decomposed into separate categories for public and private as well as for grade levels served. Thus, these distinctions differentiate between elementary, middle and high schools. Additionally, measures of adjacency and the effects of enrollment size were taken into account as independent variables. Other independent variables that controlled for social and environmental characteristics were also included. The analyses conducted were t-tests, regression analysis and Tobit analysis. The results are somewhat surprising. Unlike the work by Roncek and associates, here public high schools were not found to have a significant effect—either for presence or adjacency. In fact, the only schools found to have significant effects were public elementary schools serving grades kindergarten through five (k-5)—which had statistical significance for presence and primary adjacency. Also, unlike previous findings, this study found that size of enrollment was a statistically significant variable. As indicated by the Tobit analyses, the effect above the limit for k-5 enrollment/presence shows an increase of .101 in burglaries per additional student on blocks with burglaries while the probability effect shows a .019 increase in the probability of a block without burglaries having one. For primary adjacency the effect above the limit shows an increase in the number of burglaries by .028 per additional student in the school to which the block with burglaries is adjacent while the probability effect indicates a .005 increase in the probability of an adjacent block without burglaries to have a burglary per additional student. It is unclear from the data why these public elementary schools demonstrated an effect while other public elementary schools did not. Since most of the grades serviced overlap, the overall environment, facilities and activity levels should be relatively comparable for all public elementary schools. One possible explanation of this difference is that the majority of the public elementary schools are k-5 rather than any of the other variations. The effect could be based on sheer numbers. In any case, the need for further replications of these findings is clearly necessary before any meaningful conclusions can be drawn regarding the relationship between burglary and such schools. Clearly, the potential dividends of reducing burglary through controlling school enrollments are great and merit further attention

    EVA_1: evaluating nano-oriented competence centers

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    Sentencing Outcomes Under Competing But Coexisting Sentencing Interventions: Untying The Gordian Knot

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    The latest evolutionary phase of criminal sentencing is a return to determinate sentencing structures. However, the concurrent application of sentencing guidelines and mandatory minimum statutes in various jurisdictions often distorts and convolutes evaluations of such interventions’ effectiveness. To remedy this problem, the effects of such distinct reforms must be separated from one another. Previous research has been unsuccessful in accomplishing this task. The authors attempt to remedy this deficiency by using 1997-1998 federal sentencing data to isolate the effects of the minima from those of the guidelines and assessing how the predictors and conditioners of sentencing outcomes vary between them. The authors find several significant and some unexpected differences in the effect of predictors across models of incarceration and sentence length for the two intervention type

    Genomic signatures of admixture and selection are shared among populations of <i>Zaprionus indianus</i> across the western hemisphere

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    Introduced species have become an increasingly common component of biological communities around the world. A central goal in invasion biology is therefore to identify the demographic and evolutionary factors that underlie successful introductions. Here we use whole genome sequences, collected from populations in the native and introduced range of the African fig fly, Zaprionus indianus, to quantify genetic relationships among them, identify potential sources of the introductions, and test for selection at different spatial scales. We find that geographically widespread populations in the western hemisphere are genetically more similar to each other than to lineages sampled across Africa, and that these populations share a mixture of alleles derived from differentiated African lineages. Using patterns of allele‐sharing and demographic modelling we show that Z. indinaus have undergone a single expansion across the western hemisphere with admixture between African lineages predating this expansion. We also find support for selection that is shared across populations in the western hemisphere, and in some cases, with a subset of African populations. This suggests either that parallel selection has acted across a large part of Z. indianus's introduced range; or, more parsimoniously, that Z. indianus has experienced selection early on during (or prior‐to) its expansion into the western hemisphere. We suggest that the range expansion of Z. indianus has been facilitated by admixture and selection, and that management of this invasion could focus on minimizing future admixture by controlling the movement of individuals within this region rather than between the western and eastern hemisphere

    Grounded Theory als Methodologie und Methode der Analyse visueller Kommunikation

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    Der Beitrag reflektiert auf die Grounded-Theory-Methodologie (GTM) als Methodologie und Methode der Analyse visueller Kommunikation. In ErgĂ€nzung zu bestehenden GTM-Konzepten, die das Thema Sichtbarkeit mit der Untersuchung akteur/innenbezogener Handlungspraktiken engfĂŒhren, wird die Frage erörtert, wie die GTM fĂŒr eine soziologische Hermeneutik visuell gestalteter Objekte im weitesten Sinne (Dinge, Körper, Bilder u.v.m.) genutzt werden kann. Das vorgestellte GegenstandsverstĂ€ndnis identifiziert die soziale KomplexitĂ€t der Untersuchungsobjekte als zentrales Bezugsproblem eines methodologischen und methodischen Perspektivwechsels hin zu einer GTM visueller Kommunikation (GTMVK). In der Auseinandersetzung mit den Begriffen Praxis und Struktur wird gezeigt, dass und inwiefern eine breitere und systematischere Einbezugnahme soziologischer Strukturbeschreibungen in die GTM und ihre Forschungspraxis unerlĂ€sslich ist, wenn sie sich auf die KomplexitĂ€t ihrer Daten einstellen will.My contribution focuses on grounded theory methodology (GTM) as a methodology and method of analyzing visual communication. In addition to existing GTM concepts, which link the topic of visibility to actor-related practices, the question of how GTM can be used for a sociological hermeneutics of visually designed objects in the widest sense (things, bodies, pictures, etc.) is discussed. Present understanding of the subject identifies the social complexity of objects as a central reference point of methodological and methodic change of perspective towards a GTM of visual communication (GTMVK). In my examination of the terms practice and structure I discuss to what extent a wider and more systematic inclusion of sociological structural descriptions in the methodological framework of GT and its research practice is indispensable if it wants to accommodate the complexity of its data

    Image-Kommunikation: zur Entstehung eines modernen Typus der Schematisierung sozialer Objekte

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    "Der Beitrag thematisiert Image als Alltagswort und als sozialwissenschaftlichen Begriff aus einer entwicklungsgeschichtlichen Perspektive. Es wird danach gefragt, vor dem Hintergrund welcher Voraussetzungen und im Rahmen welcher Bedingungen dieses Wort/ dieser Terminus seine Karriere antreten konnte und inwiefern man theoretisch und empirisch analytisch von Image-Kommunikation als der 'Lösung' eines bestimmten, historisch rekonstruierbaren, Problems sprechen kann. Eine besondere Rolle spielt dabei die Beschreibung der Entwicklung der Werbung hin zu einem sozialen System, das sich auf die (Re-)Produktion von Images spezialisiert." (Autorenreferat

    Image: Zur Genealogie eines Kommunikationscodes der Massenmedien

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    Stars und Politiker - aber auch Unternehmen, Konsumprodukte und viele andere IdentitÀten - "haben" offenkundig ein Image. Trotz der OmniprÀsenz dieses Alltagsbegriffs sowie der damit bezeichneten PhÀnomene fehlt es bislang an Untersuchungen, die die soziokulturelle Bedeutung und Funktion von Image aus genealogischer Perspektive in den Blick nehmen: Warum und wozu etabliert sich Image im 20. Jahrhundert als Element der Alltagskultur? Und wie lÀsst sich seine kommunikative Struktur nÀher bestimmen? Das Buch geht diesen Fragen in Bezug auf die Entwicklung der technischen Bildmedien und der modernen Werbung nach

    Image

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    Stars und Politiker - aber auch Unternehmen, Konsumprodukte und viele andere IdentitÀten - »haben« offenkundig ein Image. Trotz der OmniprÀsenz dieses Alltagsbegriffs sowie der damit bezeichneten PhÀnomene fehlt es bislang an Untersuchungen, die die soziokulturelle Bedeutung und Funktion von Image aus genealogischer Perspektive in den Blick nehmen: Warum und wozu etabliert sich Image im 20. Jahrhundert als Element der Alltagskultur? Und wie lÀsst sich seine kommunikative Struktur nÀher bestimmen? Das Buch geht diesen Fragen in Bezug auf die Entwicklung der technischen Bildmedien und der modernen Werbung nach

    Lessons from a natural experiment: Allopatric morphological divergence and sympatric diversification in the Midas cichlid species complex are largely influenced by ecology in a deterministic way

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    Explaining why some lineages diversify while others do not and how are key objectives in evolutionary biology. Young radiations of closely related species derived from the same source population provide an excellent opportunity to disentangle the relative contributions of possible drivers of diversification. In these settings, lineage‐specific effects are shared and can be ruled out. Moreover, the relevant demographic and ecological parameters can be estimated accurately. Midas cichlid fish in Nicaragua have repeatedly colonized several crater lakes, diverged from the same source populations, and, interestingly, diversified in some of them but not others. Here, using the most comprehensive molecular and geometric morphometric data set on Midas cichlids to date (∌20,000 SNPs, 12 landmarks, ∌700 individuals), we aim to understand why and how crater lake populations diverge and why some of them are more prone to diversify in sympatry than others. Taking ancestor‐descendant relationships into account, we find that Midas cichlids diverged in parallel from their source population mostly—but not exclusively—by evolving more slender body shapes in all six investigated crater lakes. Admixture among crater lakes has possibly facilitated this process in one case, but overall, admixture and secondary waves of colonization cannot predict morphological divergence and intralacustrine diversification. Instead, morphological divergence is larger the more dissimilar a crater lake is compared to the source lake and happens rapidly after colonization followed by a slow‐down with time. Our data also provide some evidence that founder effects may positively contribute to divergence. The depth of a crater lake is positively associated with variation in body shapes (and number of species), presumably by providing more ecological opportunities. In conclusion, we find that parallel morphological divergence in allopatry and the propensity for diversification in sympatry across the entire Midas cichlid fish radiation is partly predictable and mostly driven by ecology.publishe

    Über die Auswirkungen einer Ozonbehandlung von Boden auf die natĂŒrliche organische Bodenmatrix

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    Die Auswirkungen einer Ozonbehandlung von Boden auf die natĂŒrliche organische Bodensubstanz und auf die Zusammensetzung des mit Wasser eluierbaren Anteils wurden mittels summarischer, chemischer und biologischer MeßgrĂ¶ĂŸen und einer auf GC/MS, HPLC und IC beruhenden Einzelstoffanalytik untersucht. Im wĂ€ĂŸrigen Eluat des ozonbehandelten Bodens konnten mehr als 130 organische Einzelverbindungen identifiziert werden, die zwischen 10-70 % des löslichen organischen Kohlenstoffanteils darstellten. Als Hauptprodukte wurden Carbonylverbindungen, kurzkettige DicarbonsĂ€uren, BenzolpolycarbonsĂ€uren und als Endprodukte Oxal- und AmeisensĂ€ure nachgewiesen. Ca. 1 % des Ausgangskohlenstoffgehalts wurde wĂ€hrend der Ozonbehandlung in Form flĂŒchtiger Carbonylverbindungen ĂŒber das Abgas ausgetragen. Bei niedrigen Ozondosen wurde der organische Kohlenstoffanteil des Bodens in großem Ausmaß mobilisiert, womit ein starkes Absinken des pH-Werts auf einen Wert von bis zu 3 verbunden war. LĂ€ngere Ozonbehandlung fĂŒhrte zu einer deutlichen Abnahme des löslichen Kohlenstoffgehalts infolge der zunehmenden Mineralisierung von bis zu 90 % des Ausgangskohlenstoffgehalts. Parallel hierzu stieg auch der pH-Wert wieder an. Die Mineralisierung des organischen Stickstoffanteils fĂŒhrte ĂŒberwiegend zur Bildung von Ammoniak, verlief aber deutlich langsamer als die des organischen Kohlenstoffanteils, so daß sich stickstoffhaltige organische Verbindungen im wĂ€ĂŸrigen Eluat anreicherten. Die Versauerung des Bodens und die oxidative Zerstörung der komplexierenden organischen MakromolekĂŒle fĂŒhrte zu einer betrĂ€chtlichen Freisetzung von Schwermetallen in das wĂ€ĂŸrige Eluat; teilweise wurde das gesamte Schwermetallinventar des Bodens in die wĂ€ĂŸrige Phase mobilisiert. Die Ozonbehandlung bis zu einem Verbrauch von 40 g pro kg Boden zeigte keine wesentliche Auswirkung auf die Keimzahl. Die Gesamtkeimzahl des ozonbehandelten Bodens nahm maximal um zwei Zehnerpotenzen ab. Sowohl der ozonbehandelte Boden als auch das wĂ€ĂŸrige Eluat wiesen eine bessere biologische Abbaubarkeit auf, wobei bei niedrigen Ozondosen vermutlich zwischenzeitlich toxische Produkte entstanden, wie der Leuchtbakterienhemmtest zeigte
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