Adjektivische Augmentation im Deutschen

Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der adjektivischen Augmentation im Deutschen. Augmentation ist keine grammatikalische Kategorie in der deutschen Sprache. Der Begriff bezeichnet eine Vergrößerung oder Intensivierung. Augmentation dient in einigen indoeuropäischen Spra-chen für die Bezeichnung des Gegenteils vom substantivischen Diminutiv (Beispiel aus dem Russischen: книга ‚Buch‘ wird durch das Hinzufügen eines modifizierenden Suffixes zu книжонка – ‚großes Buch‘). In diesen Fällen heißt die Kategorie Augmentativ. Die Flexion der Adjektive sieht weder im Deutschen noch anderen Sprachen eine Kategorie der Augmentation vor. Die klassische grammatische Komparation bietet drei Stufen der Stei-gerung an: Positiv – Komparativ – Superlativ. Sprachen wie z. B. das Italienische unterschei-den die Höchststufe in absoluten und relativen Superlativ. Als Hilfsübersetzung dient dafür das Morphem aller-. Es steigert den Superlativ semantisch auch im Deutschen. Adjektivische Augmentation wird im Deutschen hauptsächlich durch Wortbildung vorge-nommen. Die entsprechenden Wortbildungsarten sind Komposition, Derivation und Prä-fixoidbildung. Bei der Komposition werden mindestens zwei Wörter zu einem zusammenge-setzt. Augmentation findet durch Determinativkomposition (schneeweiß), Reduplikation (tagtäglich), verbale Komposition (streichelzart) und Zusammenrückung (höchstpersönlich) statt. Die Derivation benutzt Präfixe für die Augmentation: Fremdpräfixe (supernett) und heimische Präfixe (uralt). Die Präfixoidbildung bildet eine Kategorie zwischen den oben ge-nannten, da die Präfixoide als Erstglieder sowohl Wortstatus haben, aber auch ihre Bedeu-tung verloren haben (knallbunt, brandneu). Die empirische Untersuchung analysiert ein Korpus von 21 Romanen und 8 Zeitungen und Zeitschriften. Einbezogen wurden Werke aus Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. Alle Texte sind nach 2000 erschienen und bilden so einen Überblick über die aktuelle geschrie-bene Sprache. Im Korpus fanden sich ca. 1000 augmentierte Adjektive. Die Untersuchung hat ergeben, dass die drei Wortbildungstypen Komposition, Derivation und Präfixoidbildung gleich oft in augmentierender Funktion vorkommen. Diplomarbeit Titel der Diplomarbeit Adjektivische Augmentation im Deutschen Eine Untersuchung anhand von aktuellen Texten Verfasserin Katja Krüger angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, im Oktober 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 332 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Diplomstudium Deutsche Philologie Betreuer: Ao. Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Franz Patock

Impact of North Atlantic SST and Jet Stream anomalies on European Heat Waves

European heat waves have increased during the two recent decades. Particularly 2015 and 2018 were characterized by a widespread area of cold North Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in early summer as well as positive surface temperature anomalies across large parts of the European continent during later summer. The European heat wave of 2018 is further suggested to be induced by a quasi-stationary and high-amplified Rossby wave pattern associated with the so-called quasi-resonant amplification (QRA) mechanism. In this study, we evaluate the North Atlantic SST anomalies and the QRA theory as potential drivers for European heat waves for the first time in combination by using the ERA-5 reanalysis product. A composite and correlation study reveals that cold North Atlantic SST anomalies in early summer favour a more undulating jet stream and a preferred trough-ridge pattern in the North Atlantic–European sector. Further we found that cold North Atlantic SSTs promote a stronger double jet occurrence in this sector. Thus, favorite conditions for a QRA signature are evident together with a necessary preconditioning of a double jet. However, our wave analysis covering two-dimensional probability density distributions of phase speed and amplitude does not confirm a relationship between cold North Atlantic SSTs and the QRA theory, compositing cold SSTs, high double jet indices (DJIs) or both together. Instead, we can show that cold North Atlantic SST events enhance the dominance of transient waves. In the presence of a trough during cold North Atlantic events, we obtain a slow-down of the transient waves, but not necessarily an amplification or stationarity. The deceleration of the transient waves result in a longer duration of a trough over the North Atlantic accompanied by a ridge downstream over Europe, triggering European heat episodes. Although a given DJI preconditioning may also be subject to the onset of certain QRA events, our study found no general relation between cold North Atlantic SST events and the QRA diagnostics. Our study highlights the relevance of cold North Atlantic SSTs for the onset of high European temperatures by affecting travelling jet stream undulations (but without involving QRA in general). Further attention should be drawn not only to the influence of North Atlantic SST year-to-year variability, but also to the effect of the North Atlantic warming hole as a negative SST anomaly in the long term, which is projected to evolve through climate change

Von Glückstal (Ukraine) nach Frankfurt: Problemlösen, Algorithmen, Stochastik. Nachruf auf Arthur Engel

Der Artikel enthält einen Nachruf auf Arthur Engel (1928-2022). Er enthält neben bigrafishen Informationen auch eine Würdigung und Einordnung seiner Arbeiten zum Stochastikunterricht, zum Problemlösen und zu Algorithmen in der Schulmathematik.The article contains an obituary of Arthur Engel (1928-2022). It contains biographic information as well as an appreciation  of his work on teachinng stochastics, problem solving, and algorithms in school mathematics

Getting High: High Fidelity Simulation of High Granularity Calorimeters with High Speed

Accurate simulation of physical processes is crucial for the success of modern particle physics. However, simulating the development and interaction of particle showers with calorimeter detectors is a time consuming process and drives the computing needs of large experiments at the LHC and future colliders. Recently, generative machine learning models based on deep neural networks have shown promise in speeding up this task by several orders of magnitude. We investigate the use of a new architecture -- the Bounded Information Bottleneck Autoencoder -- for modelling electromagnetic showers in the central region of the Silicon-Tungsten calorimeter of the proposed International Large Detector. Combined with a novel second post-processing network, this approach achieves an accurate simulation of differential distributions including for the first time the shape of the minimum-ionizing-particle peak compared to a full GEANT4 simulation for a high-granularity calorimeter with 27k simulated channels. The results are validated by comparing to established architectures. Our results further strengthen the case of using generative networks for fast simulation and demonstrate that physically relevant differential distributions can be described with high accuracy.Comment: 17 pages, 12 figure

Large impact of the apoplast on somatic embryogenesis in Cyclamen persicum offers possibilities for improved developmental control in vitro

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Clonal propagation is highly desired especially for valuable horticultural crops. The method with the potentially highest multiplication rate is regeneration via somatic embryogenesis. However, this mode of propagation is often hampered by the occurrence of developmental aberrations and non-embryogenic callus. Therefore, the developmental process of somatic embryogenesis was analysed in the ornamental crop <it>Cyclamen persicum </it>by expression profiling, comparing different developmental stages of embryogenic cell cultures, zygotic vs. somatic embryos and embryogenic vs. non-embryogenic cell cultures.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The analysis was based on a cDNA microarray representing 1,216 transcripts and was exemplarily validated by realtime PCR. For this purpose relative transcript abundances of homologues of a putative receptor kinase, two different glutathione S-transferases (GST), a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET) and a peroxidase (POX) were quantitatively measured by realtime PCR for three different comparisons. In total, 417 genes were found to be differentially expressed. Gene Ontology annotation revealed that transcripts coding for enzymes that are active in the extracellular compartment (apoplast) were significantly overrepresented in several comparisons. The expression profiling results are underpinned by thorough histological analyses of somatic and zygotic embryos.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The putative underlying physiological processes are discussed and hypotheses on improvement of the protocol for <it>in vitro </it>somatic embryogenesis in <it>Cyclamen persicum </it>are deduced. A set of physiological markers is proposed for efficient molecular control of the process of somatic embryogenesis in <it>C. persicum</it>. The general suitability of expression profiling for the development and improvement of micropropagation methods is discussed.</p

Software compensation in particle flow reconstruction.

The particle flow approach to calorimetry benefits from highly granular calorimeters and sophisticated software algorithms in order to reconstruct and identify individual particles in complex event topologies. The high spatial granularity, together with analogue energy information, can be further exploited in software compensation. In this approach, the local energy density is used to discriminate electromagnetic and purely hadronic sub-showers within hadron showers in the detector to improve the energy resolution for single particles by correcting for the intrinsic non-compensation of the calorimeter system. This improvement in the single particle energy resolution also results in a better overall jet energy resolution by improving the energy measurement of identified neutral hadrons and improvements in the pattern recognition stage by a more accurate matching of calorimeter energies to tracker measurements. This paper describes the software compensation technique and its implementation in particle flow reconstruction with the Pandora Particle Flow Algorithm (PandoraPFA). The impact of software compensation on the choice of optimal transverse granularity for the analogue hadronic calorimeter option of the International Large Detector (ILD) concept is also discussed

Chondrogenic differentiation of human subchondral progenitor cells is affected by synovial fluid from donors with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Microfracture is a first-line treatment option for cartilage repair. In microfracture, subchondral mesenchymal cortico-spongious progenitor cells (CSP) enter the defect and form cartilage repair tissue. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of joint disease conditions on the <it>in vitro </it>chondrogenesis of human CSP.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>CSP were harvested from the subchondral bone marrow. CSP characterization was performed by analysis of cell surface antigen pattern and by assessing the chondrogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potential, histologically. To assess the effect of synovial fluid (SF) on chondrogenesis of CSP, micro-masses were stimulated with SF from healthy (ND), osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis donors (RA) without transforming growth factor beta 3.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>CSP showed the typical cell surface antigen pattern known from mesenchymal stem cells and were capable of osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. In micro-masses stimulated with SF, histological staining as well as gene expression analysis of typical chondrogenic marker genes showed that SF from ND and OA induced the chondrogenic marker genes aggrecan, types II and IX collagen, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) and link protein, compared to controls not treated with SF. In contrast, the supplementation with SF from RA donors decreased the expression of aggrecan, type II collagen, COMP and link protein, compared to CSP treated with SF from ND or OA.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results suggest that in RA, SF may impair cartilage repair by subchondral mesenchymal progenitor cells in microfracture, while in OA, SF may has no negative, but a delaying effect on the cartilage matrix formation.</p

New Angles on Fast Calorimeter Shower Simulation

The demands placed on computational resources by the simulation requirements of high energy physics experiments motivate the development of novel simulation tools. Machine learning based generative models offer a solution that is both fast and accurate. In this work we extend the Bounded Information Bottleneck Autoencoder (BIB-AE) architecture, designed for the simulation of particle showers in highly granular calorimeters, in two key directions. First, we generalise the model to a multi-parameter conditioning scenario, while retaining a high degree of physics fidelity. In a second step, we perform a detailed study of the effect of applying a state-of-the-art particle flow-based reconstruction procedure to the generated showers. We demonstrate that the performance of the model remains high after reconstruction. These results are an important step towards creating a more general simulation tool, where maintaining physics performance after reconstruction is the ultimate target.Comment: 26 pages, 19 figure

Intrathecal heat shock protein 60 mediates neurodegeneration and demyelination in the CNS through a TLR4- and MyD88-dependent pathway

Background Toll-like receptors (TLR) constitute a highly conserved class of receptors through which the innate immune system responds to both pathogen- and host-derived factors. Although TLRs are involved in a wide range of central nervous system (CNS) disorders including neurodegenerative diseases, the molecular events leading from CNS injury to activation of these innate immune receptors remain elusive. The stress protein heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) released from injured cells is considered an endogenous danger signal of the immune system. In this context, the main objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of extracellular HSP60 on the brain in vivo. Results We show here that HSP60 injected intrathecally causes neuronal and oligodendrocyte injury in the CNS in vivo through TLR4-dependent signaling. Intrathecal HSP60 results in neuronal cell death, axonal injury, loss of oligodendrocytes, and demyelination in the cerebral cortex of wild-type mice. In contrast both mice lacking TLR4 and the TLR adaptor molecule MyD88 are protected against deleterious effects induced by HSP60. In contrast to the exogenous TLR4 ligand, lipopolysaccharide, intrathecal HSP60 does not induce such a considerable inflammatory response in the brain. In the CNS, endogenous HSP60 is predominantly expressed in neurons and released during brain injury, since the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from animals of a mouse stroke model contains elevated levels of this stress protein compared to the CSF of sham- operated mice. Conclusions Our data show a direct toxic effect of HSP60 towards neurons and oligodendrocytes in the CNS. The fact that these harmful effects involve TLR4 and MyD88 confirms a molecular pathway mediated by the release of endogenous TLR ligands from injured CNS cells common to many forms of brain diseases that bi-directionally links CNS injury and activation of the innate immune system to neurodegeneration and demyelination in vivo