The Relationship Between Anger Control Problems and Neuropsychological Deficits in Individuals Who Have Sustained a Head Injury.

The present study assessed whether neuropsychological tests could be used to discriminate between groups of CHI individuals with closed head injuries (CHI): those with anger control problems, and those without. The study also assessed whether these groups differed on tests which assess various aspects of neuropsychological functioning; intelligence, memory skills, language functioning, concept formation and set shifting skills, and psychomotor performance. Forty two individuals with CHI were given neuropsychological tests after assignment to one of two groups: problematic anger (P) or nonproblematic anger (NP). Group assignments were made on the basis of information obtained during the course of: (1) a structured interview with the patient and family member; (2) reports from the patient\u27s physician; (3) the patient\u27s score on the Novaco Anger Inventory. Injury severity was estimated from information obtained from the interview and medical records. The groups differed significantly on factors such as educational level (p \u3c .05), injury severity (p \u3c .05), sex ratio (p \u3c .004), and FSIQ (p \u3c .001). The P group (N = 22) was predominantly male, more severely injured, and of lower intelligence as compared to the NP group (N = 20). The groups did not differ on age, time since injury, handedness, or race. These groups differed in memory skills (p \u3c .002), and language functioning (p \u3c .001), with the P group consistently performing at a lower level (MANOVA analysis). After education was used as a covariate (MANCOVA), the P group continued to show relative deficits on measures of memory (p \u3c .015) and language functioning (p \u3c .001). Discriminant analyses indicated that neuropsychological tests discriminate between these two groups (overall classification rate = 79%). The P group could be discriminated from the NP group on the basis of test performance in the following areas: intelligence (p \u3c .0009), memory skills (p \u3c .0009), concept formation and set shifting skills (p \u3c .01), and language functioning (p \u3c .0001). This study suggests that CHI individuals with anger control problems have sustained more severe injuries, are more likely to be male, and have greater neuropsychological deficits as compared to CHI individuals without anger control problems. Further research is needed to ascertain whether individuals with anger management problems are more likely to be of below average intelligence on a premorbid basis and if remediation of the pattern of neuropsychological deficits identified may decrease anger control problems

Vegetation Changes in Four Study Areas at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore

The sampling transects at Indiana Dunes were established to show the pre-burn condition of the vetetation and to monitor the long term effects of burning. However, one year of monitoring showed changes in vetetation that further substantiate the need for the burning program. Miller Woods (Transect A) has burned frequently in recent years. The one year without fire showed little change in the herbaceous layer. The few notable herbaceous changes might indicate a transition to a more mesic community, but should be viewed skeptically because of the wet season in 1982. Nearly half of the small shrub species at Miller Woods are low blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium and Vaccinium vacillans). Blueberries decrease rapidly in the absence of fire. In one year without fire the blueberries decreased 60,000 stems/ha at Transect A. This dramatic decrease of the dominant meant an over-all decrease of small shrubs even though there was an increase of other species. Inland Marsh (Transect B) was chosen for its undisturbed condition. There was little change in herbaceous vegetation. An increase of cattails (Thypha latifolia) and purple loosestrife (Lythrum salivaria) would be expected in a marsh without burning. Significant increases were not shown along the transect in one year, probably because deep water along the transect limits the species. Buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), the only woody species did increase by about 25% density. Inland Savanna (Transect C), of the transects sampled showed the least change. The slight herbaceous changes reflect the increasingly mesic conditions caused by the extending canopy. The slight decline of small shrubs further demonstrates the loss of light to the understory. The shrub species which did increase are commonly found in mesic woods, not sand savannas. Dune Acres (Transect D) was once so open a savanna that it is variously called Lois Howe prairie, Lupine Lane Prairie, and Dune Acres Prairie. This area shows the greatest effects of fire suppression. There was an increase of woodland and wetland herbaceous species that might have been caused by the wet season, but which was probably caused by increasing shade. There was a corresponding decrease of prairie and dry-savanna species caused not only by the wet season, but also by the increased canopy and duff. Small shrubs increased 43,000 stems/ha showing the rapid transition of the area. This overall increase encompassed a decline in such prariie or savanna species as low blueberries and black oak (Quercus velutina). The areas vary in their current need for fire. Miller Woods shows no immdeiate need for fire. Inland Marsh shows no herbaceous imbalance due to fire suppression. Inland Savanna has sufficient canopy that without burning soon it will begin to change rapidly. Dune Acres is now in danger of loosing floristic diversity. If fire does not soon remove shrubs and duff, it could become a dense community of shrubs with few surviving herbaceous species. The savanna species would be greatly reduced and the prairie flora lost

Developing reflective practice in teacher candidates through program coherence

In this study, we explored the role of reflection at three stages of preparation across a teacher education program. Reflection has long been considered an essential aspect of professional practice for teaching; however, reflection is often vague and undefined. Through an examination of the opportunities we provided for our students to reflect, and systematic analysis of the levels of reflection our students engaged in, we found that the development of reflective practices could be understood and aligned across a professional preparation program. Furthermore, we considered our own pedagogical practices related to modality, prompting, scaffolding, assignment structure, and feedback in our analysis of a variety of student reflection artifacts, in order to understand the potential impact of our own pedagogical decisions across the program. Findings suggest that the program provided modeling and structures for reflection early on, encouraged the inclusion of multiple perspectives in relation to professional practice, and supported a synthesis of student learning of theory and practice as preservice teachers approached program completion. This article offers reflection as a tool for exploring issues of professional growth across a continuum of development

Developing reflective practice in teacher candidates through program coherence

In this study, we explored the role of reflection at three stages of preparation across a teacher education program. Reflection has long been considered an essential aspect of professional practice for teaching; however, reflection is often vague and undefined. Through an examination of the opportunities we provided for our students to reflect, and systematic analysis of the levels of reflection our students engaged in, we found that the development of reflective practices could be understood and aligned across a professional preparation program. Furthermore, we considered our own pedagogical practices related to modality, prompting, scaffolding, assignment structure, and feedback in our analysis of a variety of student reflection artifacts, in order to understand the potential impact of our own pedagogical decisions across the program. Findings suggest that the program provided modeling and structures for reflection early on, encouraged the inclusion of multiple perspectives in relation to professional practice, and supported a synthesis of student learning of theory and practice as preservice teachers approached program completion. This article offers reflection as a tool for exploring issues of professional growth across a continuum of development

Epidemiology of Sport-Related Concussions in High School Athletes: National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION), 2011–2012 Through 2013–2014

Sports participation is one of the leading causes of concussions among nearly 8 million US high school student-athletes

A proximal record of caldera-forming eruptions: the stratigraphy, eruptive history and collapse of the Palaeogene Arran caldera, western Scotland

Caldera-forming volcanic eruptions are among the most dangerous, and can generate extensive pyroclastic deposits and deliver ash into global atmospheric circulation systems. As calderas collapse, the eruptions can deposit thick proximal ignimbrite sequences and thinner ignimbrites more distally. However, the proximal record of caldera collapse is often obscured by later intrusions, volcanism, faults, alteration, water and sediments, which significantly limits our understanding of these eruptions. A Palaeogene caldera system in central Arran, western Scotland, preserves a rare proximal caldera-fill succession, the Arran Volcanic Formation. This caldera largely comprises highly heterogeneous ignimbrites and minor intra-caldera sedimentary rocks. The current level of erosion, and the general absence of faults, intrusions and sediments, allows a complex stratigraphy and collapse history to be determined, which can be linked to changing eruptive styles at a constantly evolving volcano. The first recorded phase was eruption of a homogeneous rhyolitic lava-like tuff, deposited from high temperature, high mass-flux pyroclastic density currents generated from low fountaining columns that retained heat. A succeeding phase of highly explosive Plinian eruptions, marked by a thick blanket of massive lapilli tuffs, was then followed by piston-like caldera collapse and erosion of steep caldera walls. Volcanism then became generally less explosive, with predominantly lava-like and eutaxitic tuffs and cognate spatter-rich agglomerates interbedded with non-homogenous lapilli tuffs. High topographic relief between distinct units indicate long periods of volcanic quiescence, during which erosive processes dominated. These periods are, in several places, marked by sedimentary rocks and evidence for surface water, which includes a localised basaltic-andesitic phreatomagmatic tuff. The caldera-forming eruptions recorded by the Arran Volcanic Formation provide an important insight into caldera collapse processes and proximal ignimbrite successions. The lack of thick autobreccias and lithic-rich lapilli- and block-layers indicates that subsidence was relatively gradual and incremental in this caldera, and not accompanied by catastrophic wall collapse during eruption. The relatively horizontal nature of the caldera-fill units and paucity of intra-caldera faulting indicate that piston subsidence was the dominant method of collapse, with a relatively coherent caldera floor bounded by a steeply dipping ring fault. Possible resurgence may have caused later doming of the floor and radial distribution of subsequent ignimbrites and sedimentary rocks. Our work emphasises the continued need for field studies of caldera volcanoes

Verification of the use of micro-CT scanning to assess the features of entire squat type defects

Squats and studs are defects in railheads that share features, but have different causes. This paper examined four squat and stud samples from three different traffic environments to compare features using μ-CT X-ray scans, surface and subsurface inspection. μ-CT scanning has been used before as a non-destructive method to investigate rail defects, but not the entire defect. The scans were verified and allowed the identification of areas of interest when sectioning the samples further. The scan volumes were also used to create 3D models of the crack networks for the 3 samples that were scanned. All defects contain similar superficial features but the depth and severity of the subsurface damage varies. This work provides a visualisation of the 3D nature of studs in a way not seen before, as a 3D model the crack network from an in-service defect. The models of two of the defects showed the influence of hollow wheels initiating defects, as the crack seemed to initiate on the field side, grow down and towards the gauge side, before resurfacing as the longitudinal crack noted in all four defect samples. One sample is believed to have initiated due to contamination of the weld and the only squat sample, which failed in track, was believed to be ingot cast steel containing many inclusions. Three samples were studs and one was a squat. Each defect developed for different reasons, although the two metro samples were similar. One of the studs shows branching of cracks that, based on its changing angle of growth, could continue to grow into transverse defects, breaking the rail. The three defects that were scanned would all be classed as studs, but their crack morphology varies, possibly because they are all from different traffic environments. They also show slight differences to other studs in literature

Local CpG density affects the trajectory and variance of age-associated DNA methylation changes

Acknowledgements We thank Riccardo Marioni, Chris Haley, Ailith Ewing, David Porteous, Chris Ponting, Rob Illingworth, Tamir Chandra, Sara Hagg, Yunzhang Wang, Chantriolnt-Andreas Kapourani, Nick Gilbert, Hannes Becher and members of the Sproul lab for helpful discussions about the study and the manuscript. This work has made use of the resources provided by the University of Edinburgh digital research services and the MRC IGC compute cluster. We are grateful to all the families who took part in the Generation Scotland study along with the general practitioners and the Scottish School of Primary Care for their help in recruiting them, and the entire Generation Scotland team, which includes interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists, healthcare assistants, and nurses. Peer review information Anahita Bishop and Kevin Pang were the primary editors of this article and managed its editorial process and peer review in collaboration with the rest of the editorial team. Review history The review history is available as Additional file 3. Funding DS is a Cancer Research UK Career Development fellow (reference C47648/A20837), and work in his laboratory is also supported by an MRC university grant to the MRC Human Genetics Unit. LK is a cross-disciplinary postdoctoral fellow supported by funding from the University of Edinburgh and Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00009/2). S.R.C. and I.J.D. were supported by a National Institutes of Health (NIH) research grant R01AG054628, and S.R.C is supported by a Sir Henry Dale Fellowship jointly funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society (221890/Z/20/Z). AMM is supported by the Wellcome Trust (104036/Z/14/Z, 216767/Z/19/Z, 220857/Z/20/Z) and UKRI MRC (MC_PC_17209, MR/S035818/1). PMV acknowledges support from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (1113400) and the Australian Research Council (FL180100072). DMH is supported by a Sir Henry Wellcome Postdoctoral Fellowship (Reference 213674/Z/18/Z). We thank the LBC1936 participants and team members who contributed to the study. Further study information can be found at https://www.ed.ac.uk/lothian-birth-cohorts. The LBC1936 is supported by a jointly funded grant from the BBSRC and ESRC (BB/W008793/1), and also by Age UK (Disconnected Mind project), the Medical Research Council (G0701120, G1001245, MR/M013111/1, MR/R024065/1), and the University of Edinburgh. Genotyping of LBC1936 was funded by the BBSRC (BB/F019394/1), and methylation typing of LBC1936 was supported by Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (Pilot Fund award), Age UK, The Wellcome Trust Institutional Strategic Support Fund, The University of Edinburgh, and The University of Queensland. Work on Generation Scotland was supported by a Wellcome Strategic Award “STratifying Resilience and Depression Longitudinally” (STRADL; 104036/Z/14/Z) to AMM, KLE, and others, and an MRC Mental Health Data Pathfinder Grant (MC_PC_17209) to AMM. Generation Scotland received core support from the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health Directorates (CZD/16/6) and the Scottish Funding Council (HR03006). DNA methylation profiling and analysis of the GS:SFHS samples was supported by Wellcome Investigator Award 220857/Z/20/Z and Grant 104036/Z/14/Z (PI: AM McIntosh) and through funding from NARSAD (Ref: 27404; awardee: Dr DM Howard) and the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (Sim Fellowship; Awardee: Dr HC Whalley).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Going the extra green mile: When others' actions fall short of their responsibility

The present research examined whether the environmental responsibility and actions attributed to large scale organizations, such as the government, can influence people's environmental efforts. In particular, we examined whether people increase or decrease their willingness to enact energy conservation behaviors (ECB) when there is a shortfall between others' actions and their responsibility. In Studies 1 and 2 we found that willingness to enact ECB was positively correlated with judgements about each of the organizations' eco-responsibility but not their eco-actions. Interestingly, each of the organizations' actions were perceived as falling short of their responsibility and this shortfall was positively associated with willingness to enact ECB. In Study 3, we found that manipulating respondents perceptions of government shortfall increased participants' willingness to enact ECB. Overall our findings provide support for social compensation theory as when others actions fall short of their responsibility people are prepared to “go the extra green mile”