Fault Secure Encoder and Decoder for NanoMemory Applications

Memory cells have been protected from soft errors for more than a decade; due to the increase in soft error rate in logic circuits, the encoder and decoder circuitry around the memory blocks have become susceptible to soft errors as well and must also be protected. We introduce a new approach to design fault-secure encoder and decoder circuitry for memory designs. The key novel contribution of this paper is identifying and defining a new class of error-correcting codes whose redundancy makes the design of fault-secure detectors (FSD) particularly simple. We further quantify the importance of protecting encoder and decoder circuitry against transient errors, illustrating a scenario where the system failure rate (FIT) is dominated by the failure rate of the encoder and decoder. We prove that Euclidean geometry low-density parity-check (EG-LDPC) codes have the fault-secure detector capability. Using some of the smaller EG-LDPC codes, we can tolerate bit or nanowire defect rates of 10% and fault rates of 10^(-18) upsets/device/cycle, achieving a FIT rate at or below one for the entire memory system and a memory density of 10^(11) bit/cm^2 with nanowire pitch of 10 nm for memory blocks of 10 Mb or larger. Larger EG-LDPC codes can achieve even higher reliability and lower area overhead

Fault-tolerant sub-lithographic design with rollback recovery

Shrinking feature sizes and energy levels coupled with high clock rates and decreasing node capacitance lead us into a regime where transient errors in logic cannot be ignored. Consequently, several recent studies have focused on feed-forward spatial redundancy techniques to combat these high transient fault rates. To complement these studies, we analyze fine-grained rollback techniques and show that they can offer lower spatial redundancy factors with no significant impact on system performance for fault rates up to one fault per device per ten million cycles of operation (Pf = 10^-7) in systems with 10^12 susceptible devices. Further, we concretely demonstrate these claims on nanowire-based programmable logic arrays. Despite expensive rollback buffers and general-purpose, conservative analysis, we show the area overhead factor of our technique is roughly an order of magnitude lower than a gate level feed-forward redundancy scheme

Seven strategies for tolerating highly defective fabrication

In this article we present an architecture that supports fine-grained sparing and resource matching. The base logic structure is a set of interconnected PLAs. The PLAs and their interconnections consist of large arrays of interchangeable nanowires, which serve as programmable product and sum terms and as programmable interconnect links. Each nanowire can have several defective programmable junctions. We can test nanowires for functionality and use only the subset that provides appropriate conductivity and electrical characteristics. We then perform a matching between nanowire junction programmability and application logic needs to use almost all the nanowires even though most of them have defective junctions. We employ seven high-level strategies to achieve this level of defect tolerance

Coherence and entanglement dynamics of vibrating qubits

We investigate the dynamics of coherence and entanglement of vibrating qubits. Firstly, we consider a single trapped ion qubit inside a perfect cavity and successively we use it to construct a bipartite system made of two of such subsystems, taken identical and noninteracting. As a general result, we find that qubit vibration can lead to prolonging initial coherence in both single-qubit and two-qubit system. However, despite of this coherence preservation, we show that the decay of the entanglement between the two qubits is sped up by the vibrational motion of the qubits. Furthermore, we highlight how the dynamics of photon-phonon correlations between cavity mode and vibrational mode, which may serve as a further useful resource stored in the single-qubit system, is strongly affected by the initial state of the qubit. These results provide new insights about the ability of systems made of moving qubits in maintaining quantum resources compared to systems of stationary qubits.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures. Prepared for the Virtual Special Issue (VSI) on Quantum Correlations, in the journal Optics Communications

Promoting forgiveness in pre-school children: A cultural study of mothers' reasoning and strategies

Doctoral Thesis for Ph.D. degree in Educational Sciences Speciality in Educational PsychologyChildren in their daily peer relationships may encounter a situation in which a peer unjustly offends them, and as a result they need to make a decision on how to solve unjustified or unjust offences. In this regard, enhancing children’s forgiveness skills is remarkably important for developing their peer competence and positive development. Furthermore, forgiveness is associated with one’s relief of anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, anger and resentment. Given that, fostering children’s forgiveness skills is of great importance. How young children develop their understanding and proneness to forgive can be a demanding socialization task for parents’ evaluations of the wrongdoing and needs-oriented forgiveness reasoning. Children’s reasoning and justification regarding their decision-making in conflict resolution is dependent on their understanding of what authorities such as parents consider acceptable behavior. Thus, parents’ beliefs, moral reasoning and educational strategies are key socialization processes and, alongside a number of positive outcomes in social, cognitive, moral and emotional development, they are critical in boosting the child’s competence to forgive others’ wrongdoing. This study aimed at exploring mothers’ reasoning and socialization strategies when helping their young children to forgive the harm caused by a peer, through a cultural lens. With this aim, and given the very few studies in this area, this project presents a model of mothers’ reasoning and socialization strategies in promoting their child’s forgiveness skills and the study that supported the development and validity of the mothers’ forgiveness-promoting strategies scale (MFSS). In order to compare mothers’ forgiveness-promoting strategies from a cultural perspective, two samples of Iranian and Portuguese mothers were collected, assuming that Iran and Portugal respectively represent cultural models oriented to interdependence and independence. A total of 253 mothers (n=129 Portuguese; n=124 Iranian) of 4 to 6 year-old children participated in the study. Results suggest that the MFSS demonstrated an early promise as an instrument for exploring the mothers’ strategies in promoting the children’s forgiveness skills, although further validity studies are required. In addition, multivariate analyses showed significant differences between Iranian and Portuguese mothers’ forgiveness-promoting strategies. Moreover, within and across the two cultures, mothers’ forgiveness-promoting strategies differed according to their socio-demographic status, including educational level and religious characteristics. Results are discussed in relation to their implications for parenting education and a culturally-oriented approach to the socio-moral development of children.As crianças, nos seus relacionamentos quotidianos, podem experimentar situações em que um companheiro as ofendem injustamente, tendo por esse motivo necessidade de vir a tomar uma decisão sobre como resolver as ofensas injustificadas ou injustas. Neste sentido, induzir a capacidade das crianças perdoarem é extremamente importante para o desenvolvimento de sua competência na relação com os pares e desenvolvimento positivo. Além disso, o perdão está associado à recuperação pessoal de estados de ansiedade, depressão, baixa auto-estima, raiva e ressentimento. De acordo com esta assunção, promover a capacidade de perdão das crianças é de grande importância. Como as crianças pequenas desenvolvem a sua compreensão e predisposição para perdoar pode ser uma tarefa de socialização exigente para os pais que precisam de avaliar as maldades e orientar a necessidade de um perdão. O raciocínio e a justificação das crianças em relação à sua tomada de decisão na resolução de conflitos depende de sua compreensão do que figuras de autoridade como os pais consideram ser um comportamento aceitável. Assim, as crenças dos pais, o seu raciocínio moral e as estratégias educativas são processos principais de socialização, bem como para uma série de resultados positivos no desenvolvimento social, cognitivo, moral e emocional, são fundamentais para estimular a competência da criança para perdoar as maldades dos outros. Este estudo teve como objetivo explorar o raciocínio e as estratégias de socialização usadas pelas mães para ajudar os filhos a perdoarem a maldade de um colega, numa perspetiva cultural. Com este objetivo, e tendo em consideração os escassos estudos nesta área, este projeto apresenta um modelo do raciocínio das mães e das estratégias de socialização usadas para promoverem as habilidades de perdão dos filhos e descreve os estudos realizados com vista ao desenvolvimento e validação da Escala das Estratégias das Mães na Promoção do Perdão (MFSS). A fim de comparar as estratégias de promoção do perdão das mães numa perspetiva cultural, reunimos duas amostras, uma de mães Iranianas e a outra de mães Portuguesas, assumindo que Irão e Portugal representam modelos culturais respetivamente orientados para a interdependência e para a independência. Um total de 253 mães (n = 129 Portuguesas; e n = 124 Iranianas) de crianças entre os 4 e os 6 anos de idade participaram no estudo. Os resultados sugerem que a MFSS (Mother’s Forgiveness-promoting Strategies Scale) é uma medida promissora para a exploração das estratégias usadas pelas mães para promover as habilidades de perdão em crianças pequenas, embora sejam necessários mais estudos de validade. Adicionalmente, as análises multivariadas mostraram diferenças significativas entre as estratégias de promoção do perdão usadas pelas mães Iranianas e pelas Portuguesas. Além disso, dentro de cada uma das culturas e entre ambas, as estratégias de promoção do perdão a que as mães recorrem diferiram conforme o estatuto sócio-demográfico, designadamente com o nível educacional e as características religiosas. Os resultados são discutidos tendo em conta as suas implicações em termos de educação parental e de uma abordagem culturalmente orientada ao desenvolvimento sócio-moral das crianças

A Corpus-Based Analysis Of Discourse Markers In Rhetorical Moves Of IELTS And Undergraduates Argumentative Essays.

Dalam bidang penyelidikan penulisan L2, kohesi sebagai komponen teks utama penulisan akademik telah menarik perhatian terutama dalam isu penggunaan penanda wacana (DM) dalam penulisan pelajar ESL. In the field of L2 writing research, cohesion, as a major textual component of academic writing has attracted much attention especially with reference to the ways of DMs’ usage in ESL learners’ writing

DIALECTIC OF ETHNIC IDENTITY AND CLASS: COEXISTENCE OR CONFLICT?

Abstract. The study aimed to investigate coexistence or conflict between ethnic and class identity, the subjects to the study were 400 chosen from Turkmen, Turk and Sistani people aged 15-29 in Gonbad Kavoos City due to the ethnic scattering and socioeconomic structure. First, the conceptual study on ethnic and class identity, pervious research and George Herbert Mead's theory has been done. Then, assuming impact of socialization on identity construction, the coordination between family, school and university for the purpose of formation of ethnic and class identity was investigated. Both objective and subjective ethnic identity and class identification in the two forms of traditional and modern were investigated. Result showed that only objective ethnic identity and class identification in its modern form have had conflicting interaction among university students. However, the subjects have had peaceful coexistence in other dimensions. It should be said that there was a lack of coordination between university, school and family in thetransmission of values and patterns.Key words: Identity, Ethnic identity, class identity, socialization