Seasonal dynamics of stem N2O exchange follow the physiological activity of boreal trees

The role of trees in the nitrous oxide (N2O) balance of boreal forests has been neglected despite evidence suggesting their substantial contribution. We measured seasonal changes in N2O fluxes from soil and stems of boreal trees in Finland, showing clear seasonality in stem N2O flux following tree physiological activity, particularly processes of CO2 uptake and release. Stem N2O emissions peak during the vegetation season, decrease rapidly in October, and remain low but significant to the annual totals during winter dormancy. Trees growing on dry soils even turn to consumption of N2O from the atmosphere during dormancy, thereby reducing their overall N2O emissions. At an annual scale, pine, spruce and birch are net N2O sources, with spruce being the strongest emitter. Boreal trees thus markedly contribute to the seasonal dynamics of ecosystem N2O exchange, and their species-specific contribution should be included into forest emission inventories.Peer reviewe

Short-term flooding increases CH4 and N2O emissions from trees in a riparian forest soil-stem continuum

Funding Information: This study was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of Estonia (SF0180127s08 grant), the Estonian Research Council (IUT2-16, PRG-352, and MOBERC20), the Czech Science Foundation (17-18112Y), the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of Czech Republic within the National Sustainability Program I (NPU I), grant number LO1415, the EU through the European Regional Development Fund (ENVIRON and EcolChange Centres of Excellence, Estonia, and MOBTP101 returning researcher grant by the Mobilitas Pluss programme) and the European Social Fund (Doctoral School of Earth Sciences and Ecology).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Soil-tree-atmosphere CH4 flux dynamics of boreal birch and spruce trees during spring leaf-out

Peer reviewe

Long-term dynamics of soil, tree stem and ecosystem methane fluxes in a riparian forest

Funding Information: This study was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of Estonia (SF0180127s08 grant), the Estonian Research Council (IUT2-16, PRG-352, and MOBERC20), the Czech Science Foundation (17-18112Y), SustES - Adaptation strategies for sustainable ecosystem services and food security under adverse environmental conditions (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000797), the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of Czech Republic within the National Sustainability Program I (NPU I, grant number LO1415), the EU through the European Regional Development Fund (ENVIRON and EcolChange Centres of Excellence, Estonia, and MOBTP101 returning researcher grant by the Mobilitas Pluss programme), the European Social Fund (Doctoral School of Earth Sciences and Ecology). This work was also supported by Academy of Finland (294088, 288494), from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union?s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No [757695], and a Department of Energy (DOE) grant to JPM (DE-SC0008165). Funding Information: This study was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of Estonia ( SF0180127s08 grant), the Estonian Research Council ( IUT2-16 , PRG-352 , and MOBERC20 ), the Czech Science Foundation ( 17-18112Y ), SustES - Adaptation strategies for sustainable ecosystem services and food security under adverse environmental conditions ( CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000797 ), the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of Czech Republic within the National Sustainability Program I (NPU I, grant number LO1415 ), the EU through the European Regional Development Fund (ENVIRON and EcolChange Centres of Excellence, Estonia, and MOBTP101 returning researcher grant by the Mobilitas Pluss programme), the European Social Fund (Doctoral School of Earth Sciences and Ecology). This work was also supported by Academy of Finland ( 294088 , 288494 ), from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union‘s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No [ 757695 ], and a Department of Energy (DOE) grant to JPM ( DE-SC0008165 ). Publisher Copyright: © 2021 Elsevier B.V.The carbon (C) budgets of riparian forests are sensitive to climatic variability. Therefore, riparian forests are hot spots of C cycling in landscapes. Only a limited number of studies on continuous measurements of methane (CH4) fluxes from riparian forests is available. Here, we report continuous high-frequency soil and ecosystem (eddy-covariance; EC) measurements of CH4 fluxes with a quantum cascade laser absorption spectrometer for a 2.5-year period and measurements of CH4 fluxes from tree stems using manual chambers for a 1.5 year period from a temperate riparian Alnus incana forest. The results demonstrate that the riparian forest is a minor net annual sink of CH4 consuming 0.24 kg CH4-C ha−1 y−1. Soil water content is the most important determinant of soil, stem, and EC fluxes, followed by soil temperature. There were significant differences in CH4 fluxes between the wet and dry periods. During the wet period, 83% of CH4 was emitted from the tree stems while the ecosystem-level emission was equal to the sum of soil and stem emissions. During the dry period, CH4 was substantially consumed in the soil whereas stem emissions were very low. A significant difference between the EC fluxes and the sum of soil and stem fluxes during the dry period is most likely caused by emission from the canopy whereas at the ecosystem level the forest was a clear CH4 sink. Our results together with past measurements of CH4 fluxes in other riparian forests suggest that temperate riparian forests can be long-term CH4 sinks.Peer reviewe

Forest canopy mitigates soil N2O emission during hot moments

Riparian forests are known as hot spots of nitrogen cycling in landscapes. Climate warming speeds up the cycle. Here we present results from a multi-annual high temporal-frequency study of soil, stem, and ecosystem (eddy covariance) fluxes of N2O from a typical riparian forest in Europe. Hot moments (extreme events of N2O emission) lasted a quarter of the study period but contributed more than half of soil fluxes. We demonstrate that high soil emissions of N2O do not escape the ecosystem but are processed in the canopy. Rapid water content change across intermediate soil moisture was a major determinant of elevated soil emissions in spring. The freeze-thaw period is another hot moment. However, according to the eddy covariance measurements, the riparian forest is a modest source of N2O. We propose photochemical reactions and dissolution in canopy-space water as reduction mechanisms.Peer reviewe

Canopy airspace of riparian forest mitigates soil N2O emission during hot moments

This study was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of Estonia (SF0180127s08 grant), the Estonian Research Council (IUT2-16, PRG-352, and MOBERC20), the Czech Science Foundation (17-18112Y) and project SustES - Adaptation strategies for sustainable ecosystem services and food security under adverse environmental conditions (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000797), the EU through the European Regional Development Fund (Centres of Excellence ENVIRON, grant number TK-107, EcolChange, grant number TK-131, and the MOBTP101 returning researcher grant by the Mobilitas Pluss programme) and the European Social Fund (Doctoral School of Earth Sciences and Ecology). This work was also supported by Academy of Finland (294088, 288494), and from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No [757695]. We would like to thank Marek Jakubík for his technical supportPreprin

Forest canopy mitigates soil N2O emission during hot moments

Funding Information: This study was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of Estonia (SF0180127s08 grant), the Estonian Research Council (IUT2-16, PRG-352, and MOBERC20), the Czech Science Foundation (17-18112Y) and project SustES— Adaptation strategies for sustainable ecosystem services and food security under adverse environmental conditions (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000797), the EU through the European Regional Development Fund (Centres of Excellence ENVIRON, grant number TK-107, EcolChange, grant number TK-131, and the MOBTP101 returning researcher grant by the Mobilitas Pluss program) and the European Social Fund (Doctoral School of Earth Sciences and Ecology). This work was also supported by the Academy of Finland (294088, 288494), and from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No [757695]. We would like to thank Marek Jakubík for his technical support. Publisher Copyright: © 2021, The Author(s).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Pinus sylvestris as a missing source of nitrous oxide and methane in boreal forest

Boreal forests comprise 73% of the world's coniferous forests. Based on forest floor measurements, they have been considered a significant natural sink of methane (CH4) and a natural source of nitrous oxide (N2O), both of which are important greenhouse gases. However, the role of trees, especially conifers, in ecosystem N2O and CH4 exchange is only poorly understood. We show for the first time that mature Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees consistently emit N2O and CH4 from both stems and shoots. The shoot fluxes of N2O and CH4 exceeded the stem flux rates by 16 and 41 times, respectively. Moreover, higher stem N2O and CH4 fluxes were observed from wet than from dry areas of the forest. The N2O release from boreal pine forests may thus be underestimated and the uptake of CH4 may be overestimated when ecosystem flux calculations are based solely on forest floor measurements. The contribution of pine trees to the N2O and CH4 exchange of the boreal pine forest seems to increase considerably under high soil water content, thus highlighting the urgent need to include tree-emissions in greenhouse gas emission inventories.Peer reviewe

Methane (CH4) emissions from trees in boreal upland and drained peatland forests

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