Prawo do zasiłku dla bezrobotnych – uwagi inspirowane treścią encykliki Laborem excercens

Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00. Publikacja dofinansowana przez Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskieg

The right to disconnect

This paper addresses the employee's right to disconnect, which means refraining from professional activity after working hours in the form of answering phones, checking e-mail, or replying to instant messaging. This right directly correlates with the employee's right to rest and with the employer's obligation to provide the employee with safe and hygienic working conditions. The issue of exercising this right had already been a difficult one, but it was the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that intensified and accelerated certain processes related to employee's rest and the disruption of work-life balance. Nowadays, the right to disconnect can be inferred from the employee's right to rest. However, this requires goodwill on the part of both the employer and social partners. Finally, the author discusses the legal consequences of violating the employee's right to disconnect, the measures that the employer needs to take before legislative changes are made, and where such changes ought to be introduced

Appearances and Disappearances: Motion Induced Blindness Meets Binocular Rivalry

Motion-induced blindness (MIB) and binocular rivalry (BR) are examples of multistable phenomena in which our perception varies despite constant retinal input. It has been suggested that both phenomena relate to visual awareness and share a common underlying mechanism. We tried to determine whether experimental manipulations of the target dot and the mask systematically affect MIB and BR in a novel experimental paradigm that can elicit both phenomena. Participants reported perceived colour (isoluminant Red/Green) and disappearance of the target dot superimposed on a distracter mask (drifting sine- wave grating or rotating array of blue crosses) by pressing and releasing corresponding keys. Our results suggest that MIB and BR were both affected by motion, but not by rivalry in the mask. Normalized disappearance was significantly increased for smaller targets, as well as monoptically presented targets but differently for the two types of masks. On the other hand contrast of dichoptic target dots in the left and right eye had a significant effect on duration, as well as number of appearances of the Red/Green target, but not on target disappearance. In summary, our results suggest dissociation between MIB and BR in hierarchical processing stages. This record was migrated from the OpenDepot repository service in June, 2017 before shutting down

Understanding age-related differences in the speed of information processing of complex object categories measured with electroencephalography (EEG)

Ageing is associated with differences in visual function which can be observed, for example, as a decline in performance on face and object processing tasks. One of the most prominent accounts of age-related decrement in perceptual and cognitive tasks alike is that of a reduction in information processing speed (Salthouse, Psychological Review 1996, 103:403). Differences in myelin integrity in some parts of the cortex, as well as in neuronal responsivity are physiologically plausible as the origins of the age- related slowing-down of information processing. However, little research to date has directly investigated age-related slowing-down of visual information processing in humans. Previously, Rousselet et al. (Frontiers in Psychology 2010, 1:19) reported a 1ms/year delay in face visual processing speed in a sample of 62 subjects aged ~20-80, using event-related potentials (ERPs). This result was replicated in another 59 subjects, and was independent of stimulus luminance and senile miosis (Bieniek et al. Frontiers in Psychology 2013, 4:268). To go beyond differences in average brain activity and interpret previous findings, in the first study (Chapter 2) we investigated what information is coded by early face ERPs in younger and older observers. In a detection task, young and older observers each categorized 2,200 pictures of faces and noise textures revealed through Gaussian apertures (“Bubbles”). Using reverse correlation and Mutual Information (MI), we found that the presence of the left eye elicited fastest detection in both age groups. Older observers relied more on the eyes to be accurate, suggesting a strategy difference between groups. In both age groups, the presence of the eye contralateral to the recording electrode modulated single-trial ERPs at lateral-occipital electrodes, but this association was weaker in older observers and delayed by about 40 ms. We also observed a differentiated coding of the eyes across groups: in younger observers, both the N170 latency and amplitude coded the contralateral eye, whereas it was only the N170 amplitude in older adults. The latency modulation in younger adults was also higher in the right than in the left hemisphere, but very similar across hemispheres in older adults. Our results suggest that face detection in ageing is associated with delayed and weaker processing of the same face features, and point to potential coding differences. On the notion that incomplete or occluded stimuli (such as Bubbled images) might differentially affect older adults’ ability to perform a perceptual task, in the second study (Chapter 3) we sought to understand whether the age-related differences in eye sensitivity were preserved in a face context. Two groups of observers, young and older, performed a face detection task in which the visibility of the eye region was modulated in a parametric manner by adding phase noise. This way, we could investigate the modulation of ERPs by increasing information available in the eye region, when the face context was preserved (or absent – in control conditions). In line with behavioural results reported in Chapter 2, modulating the visibility of the left eye had a greater effect on reaction times across older participants, and this modulation increased with decreasing face context information in older adults. Contralateral eye sensitivity was weaker than that reported in Chapter 2 and did not differ between young and older observers, suggesting that coding of the eye by the N170 acts differently when the eye is revealed through Bubble masks and when it is presented in the face context. In Chapter 4, we investigated potential origins of the large N170 responses to textures observed in a sample of older participants before (Rousselet et al. BMC Neuroscience 2009, 10:114), and quantified age-related delays in visual processing speed of stimuli other than faces: houses and letters. Two groups of participants performed three simple detection tasks: face detection, house detection, and letter detection. Perceiving textures in the context of a face detection task, but not house detection or letter detection, influenced ERP responses to textures in older participants only to a small extent and after 200 ms post- stimulus, suggesting that the large N170 responses to textures are unlikely due to a top- down influence of the task at hand. Furthermore, visual processing speed of faces, houses and letters was delayed to a smaller extent than that predicted by the original study and depended on the nature of categorical comparisons made. Overall, our results fill the big gap in the literature concerned with age-related slowing of information processing: using Bubbles, we have presented direct evidence that processing of the same facial information is slower (and weaker) in ageing. However, quantifying visual processing speed using categorical designs yielded mixed evidence for the theory of slower information processing in ageing, pointing to the need for carefully designed visual stimuli in ageing research, and for careful selection of control stimuli for comparisons

The Concept and Entitlements of the Unemployed with Disabilities

Under Polish law, the disabled who are unemployed are included in the group of the unemployed in a specific situation on the labour market. This means that the legislator recognises the difficulties this group faces in finding suitable employment. It has therefore introduced a number of mechanisms to make it easier for this group to enter or re-enter the labour market. However, making use of them is often hindered by the fact that the person concerned must first acquire the status of a disabled person under the Act on Vocational and Social Rehabilitation and Employment of Disabled Persons. He or she then has to meet numerous conditions included in the Act on Employment Promotion and Labour Market Institutions in order to obtain the status of an unemployed person. In principle, the only entitlement that is granted is the priority to be assigned to special programmes. However, district labour offices are not obliged to run such programmes. Therefore, in the Polish legal system there is a large gap in terms of helping the unemployed with disabilities to enter the labour market or return to the labour market. Considering the fact that many employers complain about the shortage of workers, stimulating the professional activity of the disabled could be of huge importance for the country’s [email protected] Jaworska – Ph.D. in Law, Assistant professor at the Department of Labour Law and Social Security at the Faculty of Law and Administration of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. Legal adviser at the Regional Chamber of Legal Advisers in Olsztyn.University of Warmia and Mazury in OlsztynGarbat M., Professional activation of people with disabilities - barriers and costs, Zielona Góra 2013.Góral Z., Definition of the unemployed in the Act on employment promotion and labour market institutions, “Praca i Zabezpieczenie Społeczne” 2011, no. 5.Góral Z., Diversification of legal status of the unemployed (in:) M. Matey-Tyrowicz, L. Nawacki, B. Wagner (ed.), Labour Law and Challenges of the 21st Century. Jubilee Book of Professor Tadeusz Zieliński, Warsaw 2002.Jaworska K., Social Treatment of Unemployment, Olsztyn 2016.Jaworska, K., Social Cooperatives, “ Studia Prawnoustrojowe” 2010, no. 11.Kabaj M., Programme for Counteracting Poverty and Unemployment, Warsaw 2000.Paluszkiewicz M., Commentary to Art. 6, (in:) M. Włodarczyk (ed.), Act on Vocational and Social Rehabilitation and Employment of Disabled Persons. Commentary, Warsaw 2015.Paluszkiewicz M., Commentary to Art. 66a, (in:) Z. Góral (ed.), Act on Promotion of Employment and Institutions of the Labour Market. Practical commentary, Warsaw 2016.People with disabilities on the labour market, Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy, Warsaw 2018.Pławucka H., Risk of inability to work for disability benefits - structure and content, (in:) P. Bieniek, O. Rawski (ed.), Inability to work as a risk in social disability insurance, Warsaw 2014.Registered unemployment in the first quarter of 2018, Central Statistical Office, Warsaw 2018.Ricca S., Public Employment Services. A handbook for employers, Warsaw 1995.Staszewska E., Commentary to Art. 49, (in:) Z. Góral (ed.), Act on employment promotion and labour market institutions. Practical commentary, Warsaw 2016.Staszewska E., The concept of “persons in a specific situation on the labour market” in the light of the Act on employment promotion and labour market institutions, “Zeszyty Prawnicze UKSW”. 2010, no. 10.Wasilewska A, Rogala H., Special programs - an opportunity to be taken, “Służba Pracownicza” 2012, no. 3.Włodarczyk M., “Adequate employment” in the Act on Employment and Counteracting Unemployment, “Work and Social Security” 1998, no. 7-8.23413514

In the shadow of the great master – Teodora Matejko. Biography outline

Kornelia Teodora Matejkowa née Giebułtowska was not only the wife of the famous painter Jan Matejko, but also his greatest muse. In the work “In the shadow of the great master – Teodora Matejko. Outline of biography” we get to know Teodora as a little girl, a maturing maiden, wife and mother. Teodora showed artistic talents from an early age. She studied singing and music, but her biggest dream was to become an actress. Teodora’s mother decided that it would be better for her if she got married. Passionate feeling appeared after the wedding. Then she wasn’t sure if she was worthy of the great artist’s love. She missed him when he left. She comforted him, lifted his spirits. She was his greatest admirer. She loved passionately. The life of the Matejkos was concentrated in Kraków, but there were also numerous travelers. They visited Wiśnicz, Rabka, Krynica, but also went abroad. They visited e.g. Germany, Turkey and Italy. Teodora was undoubtedly her husband’s biggest fan, as she assured him in numerous letters. Over time, their love began to be subjected to numerous tests. Teodora Matejko, busy running the house and raising four children, fell into numerous melancholies and anxiety. Her surroundings paid little attention to her. It was reluctant towards a woman who took her husband’s honors very personally. She boasted about the popularity of her beloved. With following years, her sense of superiority grew, as a result of which she felt the reluctance of her family and friends around her. However, in the marital home she played the “first violin”. According to Matejko, she was perfect, the only one in the world, his first and last love. The artist, who fell in love with all his heart, assured Teodora of his fiery feeling, which would never die out. Matejko’s marriage was very turbulent. From the states of the greatest quarrels, blasphemies, curses to joint journeys and tender longings. Such disharmony not only distorted the image of the family, but also strongly influenced the psyche of its household members. As she got older, she began to suffer from diabetes, which was hereditary in her family. In 1882, she was declared insane, after which she was placed in a psychiatric hospital. She died on August 25, 1896. She was buried next to her husband.It is common view presented in literature that Teodora was wayward, disobedient, capricious, and defiant. She was the subject of suffering for at first a young artist, then a mature man, and finally an exhausted elder. At first, she appears as a young, unfulfilled girl who doesn’t want to get married. She is not ardently in love with her patient suitor. Eventually, she becomes Matejko’s wife. She gives him children. After this, time of growing pride, intransigent personality and constant moods begins, with which the painter copes at the expense of his own health. Ridicule and gossip still accompany Madame Matejko. As this period comes to an end, Teodora is seen as the doom of the family. Mentally ill, wasting the fortune of the Krakow visionary. She does not take care of her growing children, she is constantly on health treatments, she does not respect her husband, she causes pain to everyone. An unfair image? Imitation and repetition made the great muse of the most outstanding and popular Polish painter of the 19th century appear to be his greatest curse.Kornelia Teodora z Giebułtowskich Matejkowa była nie tylko żoną słynnego malarza Jana Matejki, ale też największą jego muzą. W pracy „W cieniu wielkiego mistrza – Teodora Matejko. Zarys biografii” poznajemy Teodorę jako małą dziewczynkę, dojrzewającą pannę, żonę, matkę. Teodora od najmłodszych lat wykazywała talenty artystyczne. Uczyła się śpiewu i muzyki, jednak jej największym marzeniem było zostać aktorką. Matka Teodory zdecydowała, że będzie lepszym dla niej jeśli wyjdzie za mąż. Namiętne uczucie pojawiło się po ślubie. Potem nie była pewna czy godna miłości wspaniałego artysty. Tęskniła za nim gdy wyjeżdżał. Dodawała mu otuchy, podnosiła na duchu. Była jego największą wielbicielką. Kochała żarliwie. Życie państwa Matejków koncentrowało się w Krakowie, ale nie zabrakło licznych podróżny. Bywali w Wiśniczu, Rabce, Krynicy, ale także udawali się za granicę. Zwiedzili m.in. Niemcy, Turcję czy Włochy. Teodora bez wątpienia była największą fanką swojego męża, o czym zapewniała go w licznych listach. Z czasem ich miłość zaczęła być poddawana licznym próbom. Matejkowa zajęta prowadzeniem domu i wychowywaniem czwórki dzieci popadała w liczne melancholie i stany lękowe. Otoczenie nie zwracało na nią szczególnej uwagi. Było ono niechętne kobiecie, która honory męża odbierała bardzo osobiście. Chełpiła się popularnością swojego ukochanego. Z roku na rok wzrastało w niej poczucie wyższości na skutek czego odczuwała niechęć otaczającej jej rodziny i znajomych. Natomiast w małżeńskim domu grała „pierwsze skrzypce”. Według Matejki była idealna, jedyna taka na świecie, jego pierwsza i ostatnia miłość. Zakochany bez pamięci artysta wciąż zapewniał Teodorę o swoim płomiennym uczuciu, które nigdy nie wygaśnie. Małżeństwo Matejków było bardzo burzliwe. Od stanów największych kłótni, bluźnierstw, przekleństw po wspólne podróże i czułe tęsknoty. Taka dysharmonia nie tylko zniekształcała wizerunek rodziny, ale i mocno wpływała na psychikę jej domowników. Z wiekiem zaczęła chorować na cukrzycę, która była dziedziczna w jej rodzinie. W 1882 roku została uznana za niepoczytaną, po czym umieszczono chorą w szpitalu psychiatrycznym. Zmarła 25 sierpnia 1896 roku. Została pochowana u boku swego męża.W literaturze utarło się, że Teodora była krnąbrna, nieposłuszna, kapryśna, przekorna. Była podmiotem cierpień na początku młodego artysty a potem dojrzałego mężczyzny i w końcu wycieńczonego starca. Na początku pojawia się jako młoda, niespełniona dziewczyna, która nie chce wychodzić za mąż. Nie jest żarliwe zakochana w swoim cierpliwym adoratorze. Finalnie zostaje żoną Matejki. Rodzi mu dzieci. I zaczyna się czas rosnącej dumy, nieprzejednanej osobowości i ciągłych humorów, z którymi kosztem własnego zdrowia, malarz sobie radzi. Wyśmiewanie i plotki ciągle towarzyszą madame Matejko. Gdy ten okres dobiega końca, Teodora jest postrzegana jako zagłada rodziny. Chora psychicznie, trwoniąca majątek krakowskiego wizjonera. Nie zajmuje się dorastającymi dziećmi, ciągle wyjeżdża na kuracje zdrowotne, nie szanuje męża, wszystkim sprawia ból. Obraz niesprawiedliwy? Imitacja i powtarzalność sprawiły, że wielka muza najwybitniejszego i najpopularniejszego malarza polskiego w XIX wieku jawi się jako jego największe przekleństwo

Polityka ustrojowa Edwarda I w Szkocji w latach wojen o niepodległość (1296–1328)

King Edward I’s constitutional politicy in Scotland in the period of the Wars of Scottish Independence (1296–1328)The article addresses the issue of the changing administration in Scotland in the period of the Wars of Scottish Independence (1296–1328). The period was marked by the conflict between Scotland and England over the dominance on the Scottish land. As the corpus of texts illustrates, English officers used the methods of exploitation and humiliation to impose their jurisdiction on Scottish administratio

Małżeństwo i rozwod w średniowiecznym prawie Hywel Dda (Cyfraith Hywel)

Istotne znaczenie dla zrozumienia instytucji małżeństwa w Cyfraith Hywel ma fakt, że było to prawo silnie zakorzenione w zwyczajach Celtów. Podstawową komórką społeczności celtyckiej był ród połączony licznymi więzami podległości i współzależności, a status jednostki wyznaczała pozycja w rodzinie. Status określał zdolność prawną i zdolność do czynności prawnych, zakres odpowiedzialności za przestępstwa ścigane na gruncie prawa prywatnego czy obowiązki fi skalne. Obok statusu kluczowym determinantem społeczności rodowej był honor, którego naruszenie traktowano jako przewinienie szczególnej wagi przeciwko zarówno ofi erze jak i jej rodzinie. Powszechnie stosowanym środkiem zapobiegania sporom o naruszenie honoru było wspomniane wyżej odszkodowanie, zwane sarhaed. Inną oznaką zwyczajów rodowo-plemiennych była praktyka kojarzenia związków małżeńskich w obrębie tej samej rodziny czy klanu. Cyfraith Hywel dopuszczało związki małżeńskie pomiędzy najbliższymi krewnymi do trzeciego i czwartego pokolenia, co spotkało się z ostrą krytyką władz kościelnych