Keelespetsiifiliste stiimulite töötlus erinevatel keelegruppidel: EEG uuring

Two almost identical EEG experiments were conducted with about one month between them to examine how the brain processes language specific stimuli among Estonian (n =15, aged 19-27 years) and Russian (n = 15, aged 18-27 years) native speakers. The used stimuli were based on Estonian quantity changes, which are not structurally common for Russian speakers. Two different linguistic stimulus sets (SADA, SAGI) and one physically similar tone stimulus set were used, stimuli differed from each other by duration and tonal change. During the EEG recording, participants had to watch a silent movie while auditory language stimuli were presented in an MMN experimental paradigm to their headphones. An additional speech intelligibility test was conducted on both times and self-reported questionnaire had to be filled before the testing. The tone stimulus elicited a more persistent MMN wave with larger amplitude in both language group, linguistic stimuli elicited a more pronounced MMN response among Estonian native speakers. The study provided a slight support to previous findings, as the Estonians used both durational and pitch cue to discriminate quantities. Only few used conditions elicited MMN among Russian native speakers with no complete clarity if the activity was caused by durational or pitch cue (or both). No consistent lateralization effect was found nor relationships with possible background factors (language abilities, musicality, language experience and time spent in Estonian language environment for Russian native speakers)

Üksikhäälikute ja väldete eristamise seos lugemisoskusega: EEG uuring lasteaialaste ja 1. klassi õpilastega

http://www.ester.ee/record=b4517580*es

Transfer of Avatar Training Effects to Investigative Field Interviews of Children Conducted by Police Officers

Previous research with students and some professional groups (psychologists) has demonstrated that repeated feedback in simulated investigative interviews with computerized child avatars improves the quality of interviews conducted with real children who have witnessed a mock event. However, it is not known whether this type of training would improve the quality of investigative interviews with actual child victims and witnesses of physical and sexual abuse. Twenty-two police investigators participated in the study. Half of them received feedback during four simulated interviews whereas the other half received no feedback during four such interviews followed by another four interviews after which they also received feedback. Transcripts of interviews both before and after the training were coded for interview quality. Receiving feedback after the simulated interviews increased the proportion of recommended questions both within the simulations and, importantly, also during interviewing with actual child victims and witnesses. This study demonstrated for the first time transfer of learning from simulated interviews to actual investigative interviews

Mycobiota of Estonia

Seentel on looduses oluline osa - orgaanilise aine lagundajatena on nad asendamatud ökosüsteemide aineringes. Niiviisi osalevad seened ökosüsteemide sekundaarses produktsioonis, luues ühtlasi maakera loodusressursse. Inimese praktilises tegevuses on seentel tohutu tähtsus nii negatiivses kui ka positiivses tähenduses. Piisab, kui mõelda söödavatele, sealhulgas viljeldavatele seentele, mitmesuguseid keemilisi aineid produtseerivatele liikidele, ravimseentele, mürkseentele, mükooside tekitajatele, fütopatogeensetele seentele, hallitusseentele jpt. Seepärast väärivad seened igakülgset tundmaõppimist ning oma igapäevases tegevuses tuleb meil nendega tõsiselt arvestada. Eesti territoorium pakub seente leviku uurimise seisukohast laialdasemat huvi Euroopas tervikuna. Tänu Eesti looduslikele (botaanilistele, geograafilistele, geoloogilistele) iseärasustele on meie ala omapäraseks ristumiskohaks boreaalsete ja nemoraalsete, mõningal määral ka pontiliste seeneliikide areaalidele. Seetõttu on Eesti seenestik koosseisult mitmekesine ja liigirohke. Eesti seentest on kahe sajandi vältel kirjutatud hulgaliselt nii teaduslikke kui populaarteaduslikke töid. Viimastel aastakümnetel on ilmunud rida raamatuid mitmesuguste seenerühmade kohta, sealhulgas ka ülevaated meie parimate söögiseente perekondadest. Kõiki Eesti suurseeni käsitlev raamat “Seened” (koostaja K. Kalamees) ilmus juba 1966. aastal. Eesti pisiseeni laiemale üldsusele tutvustavat kirjandust on seevastu napilt, ometi on näiteks seente poolt põhjustatud taimehaiguste tundmine nii põllumajandus- kui metsamajanduspraktikas väga oluline. Eesti seente loend on meil küll ilmunud juba kahe raamatuna “Eesti seente koondnimestik” (Järva & E. Parmasto, 1980; Järva, I. Parmasto & Vaasma, 1998), kuid need mõlemad kujutavad endast seeneliikide kommentaarideta nimestikku koos viidetega vastavale kirjandusele (kuni aastani 1990). Käesolev raamat annab ülevaate umbes 4/5 Eestis kasvavatest seeneliikidest, püüdes seejuures neid lühidalt iseloomustada süstemaatiliselt, ökoloogiliselt, levikuliselt, bioloogiliselt ning kasu või kahju seisukohast inimesele. Lisaks sellele on raamatus iseloomustatud erinevaid seente kasvukohatüüpe Eestis, meie seente geograafiat, ökoloogiat, seenekaitset ning seente osa inimese elus. Paraku ei ole probleemide käsitlus raamatus siiski täielik, kuna Eestis ei ole veel mitmeid seenerühmi nimetatud küsimustega seonduvalt läbi uuritud. Nii on näiteks toitumisrühmade, kasvukohtade ja levilatüüpidega seotud üldistav analüüs meil seni tehtud vaid lehikseente osas. Käesolev raamat on teaduslik teatmeteos Eesti seentest. See ei ole ei määraja ega mükoloogia õpik ning seetõttu ei leia siin põhjalikku käsitlemist seente ehituse, bioloogia, paljunemise ja eluviisi probleemid. Neid küsimusi vaadeldakse üksikute seenerühmade juures vaid sedavõrd, kuivõrd nad osutuvad vajalikuks Eestist leitud seente iseloomustamisel. Mükoloogiline oskussõnastik hõlbustab raamatu kasutamist. Võimalikult täpselt on raamatus seeneliikide kõrval viidatud ka nende peremeesorganismidele koos ladinakeelsete nimetustega. Eesti kodumaistele puu- ja põõsaliikidele, levinumatele köögi- ja põlluviljadele, viljapuudele ja marjapõõsastele ning samuti kodu- ja metsloomadele on tekstis viidatud ainult eestikeelsete nimedega, vastavad ladinakeelsed nimed tuuakse eri nimestikuna raamatu lõpus. Raamatu töömahukast ning aegavõtvast kirjutamisest, koostamisest ja toimetamisest on osa võtnud palju kutselisi ja mitmeid harrastusmükolooge, samuti teistegi erialade esindajaid. Raamatu koostajana ja peatoimetajana avaldan siirast tänu kõigile autoritele ja kaastoimetajatele, ingliskeelsete tekstide tõlkijale M.Roosile ning keelelisele korrektorile M. Johansonile, CD versiooni tegijale ja kujundajale I. Kübarsepale. Raamatu failide esialgse töötlejana väärib kahtlemata tänu OÜ Eesti Loodusfoto. Oma käsikirjaliste materjalide kasutamise võimaldamise ning samuti kaastöö eest mitmete erinevate lõikude sisulisel täiendamisel ja parandamisel pälvivad lisaks neile tänu A. Jakobson, K. Jürgens, A. Kalamees, L. Kalamees, M. Laane, T. Randlane ja I. Saar. Käsikirja teksti trükkimise ja vormistamise eest väärib siirast tänu M. Vaasma. Eriline tänu kuulub posthuumselt raamatu illustraatorile kunstnik Georg Štšukinile, kelle sule ja pintsli alt on tulnud värvitahvlid ning mustvalged joonised.An investigation into Estonian mycobiota, including taxonomy, ecology, distribution and data on its resources, is presented in this book. A contemporary interpretation of the distribution of Estonian fungi between the kingdoms of Eucaryota and their systematic arrangement based on the principles of Hawksworth et al.(1995), as well as the morphology, anatomy, ecology, phenology, distribution, the profit or damage from the human point of view are considered in detail at the level of different taxonomic units from phyla to species. Trophic groups and sites, and the peculiarities of the geographical distribution of fungi in Estonia are analysed. Edible mushrooms, their resources and cultivation in Estonia, the nutritive value and ways of preservation, mycetism, mycotoxicoses and mycoses in man and domestic animals, poisonous fungi and medical uses of fungi, plant diseases caused by fungi, and dyeing of textile fabrics with fungal pigments are treated in separate chapters. Particular attention is devoted to the principles of fungus protection and the species included in the Red Data Book of Estonia and to those under state protection. The priority in the fungus investigations in Estonia belongs to Fischer and Hupel (1777). That is particularly evident in the works of Fischer (1778, 1784, 1791), Grindel (1803), Friebe (1805), Weinmann (1836), Dietrich (1856, 1859), Bucholtz (1904, 1916), Lepik (1930, 1940), Witkowsky (1934), Leisner (1937, 1938). First more concrete data of scientific significance are found in Dietrich’s and Bucholtz’s works which contain studies on the fungi of the Baltic Region of that time. From the period of 1925–1943 very important are the mycological and phytopathological investigations of prof. E. Lepik. The research centres were situated in Tartu. On E. Lepik’s initiative a number of amateur mycologists like N. Witkowsky, T. Leisner, A. Rühl and V. Pärtelpoeg joined in the work. In Estonia, the investigation into the systematic, ecology, distribution, pathology and coenology of fungi became more active in the 1950s, when studies were started by E. Parmasto, V. Lasting, P. Põldmaa, K. Kalamees. In the 1960s and later A. Raitviir, L. Järva, A.-L. Sõmermaa, M. Hanso, H. Karis, J. Sarv, K. Kask, B. Kullman, I. Parmasto, M. Vaasma, T. Normet, H. Lõiveke, P. Soobik joined in the research. The amateur mycologists H. Kelder, G. Shtshukin, V. Liiv and S. Veldre also took up training for mycological investigations. At present the research centre of Estonian mycology is the Institute of Zoology and Botany (department of mycology) by the Estonian Agricultural University. A new generation of mycologists, among them U. Kõljalg, K. Põldmaa have appeared. The traditional classical direction in Estonian mycological research is being replaced by a new one at the genetical and molecular level. Since 1777 almost 4000 species of fungi have been recorded in Estonia (cf. Järva, 1982; Parmasto, 1989). They have been treated in nearly 2000 books and articles (cf. Järva & E. Parmasto, 1980; Järva, I. Parmasto & Vaasma, 1998). Since 1950, 159 000 specimens of fungi have been collected for the fungus herbarium of the Institute of Zoology and Botany. The Estonian Mycological Society (until June 2000 the mycology section of the Estonian Naturalists' Society) has about 30 members. The composition of Estonian mycobiota is diverse, rich in species and resources, since Estonia lies in the temperate mixed forest zone of the northern hemisphere (Kalamees, 1995). In Estonia we find favourable growth conditions for both boreal coniferous forest fungus species and nemoral deciduous forest species. As the northern border of the distribution area of oak runs through South Finland, there are good growth conditions for practically all the fungus species connected with oak in Estonia. This is the reason why our mycobiota is considerably richer in comparison with that of the other northern countries. The development and character of Estonian mycobiota have been, to a great extent, influenced by the differences between the geological history of West ad East Estonia as well as the peculiarities of the soils, flora and climate in these regions. The differences in the base rock of North and South Estonia are equally important. West and North Estonia, including the islands of the Baltic Sea, considerably differ from South and East Estonia from the mycogeographical point of view as concerns, at least, mycorrhizal Agaricales. As regards the species composition of Agaricales, West and North Estonia are similar to Central and even to South Europe. The most important factors from the point of view of fungi in West and North Estonia are the abundance of broad-leaved tree species and calcareous soils on the Silurian and Ordovician limestone base rock. For these reasons Estonia seems to occupy an important position on the eastern and northern (north-eastern) borders of many nemoral fungus species spread in West Europe. Sometimes, however, the eastern (north-eastern) and northern borders of those species run in the close vicinity of the territory of Estonia, in Russia and South Finland, respectively. Owing to all the factors mentioned above the species composition of fungi in West and North Estonia is richer and more varied than that in East and South Estonia (which is also the case with the flora of higher plants). For instance, nearly 50 species of Estonian agarics grow only (or preferably) in West and North Estonia and on the islands (Kalamees & Lasting, 1973c). The mycobiota of Estonian forests is characterized by the domination of mycorrhizal fungi and litter saprobes (Kalamees, 1980a,c, 1982). There are few humus saprobes among forest fungi, their role is more important in forest type groups with a weak or missing litter horizon, such as alvar, dry boreo- nemoral, fresh boreo-nemoral, floodplain and paludified forests. The existence of wood saprobes and parasites, as well as leaf- and needle-debris saprobes is very characteristic of forest mycobiota. In the formation of the mycobiota of forest type groups the carbonate content of soils and their moisture regimes are of paramount importance. The mycobiota of Estonian meadows consists of humus saprobes, and lots of mycorrhizal fungi in parkland meadows and litter saprobes in denser stand groups (Kalamees, 1979c, 1980a, 1982). In parkland meadows quite frequent are also wood saprobes. The composition of the mycobiota of meadows is, to quite a great extent, influenced by human activities, mainly by grazing cattle and mowing. Pastures are, for instance, always rich in coprotrophs. The determining factor in the fungus composition of dry and fresh meadows is the carbonate content of the soils. The poverty of mycobiota in paludified meadows mainly accounts for excessive moisture. The mycobiota of Estonian mires basically consists of hygrophilous humus and moss saprobes (Kalamees, 1982). As concerns forested mires a few mycorrhizal fungi are also found. The main factor determining the character of mire mycobiota is the continuous excess moisture. The calcareousness of the soils does not exert significant effect on the mycobiota of mires. The mycobiota of Estonian boreal heath grasslands is very poor in species due to the extremely infavourable growth conditions (Kalamees, 1980a). The raw-humus nature of the forest litter horizon and high acidity do not create necessary conditions for the development of litter saprobes. The mycobiota of coastal dunes is poor in species but very peculiar in its species composition: psammophilous humus saprobes and xerophilous mycorrhizal fungi of willows and pines grow there. Sandy inland plains, which represent secondarily outcropping unfixed sands, are dry and therefore offer favourable growth conditions for only a few fungus species. Vegetation of outcrops in Estonia as well as halophilous coastal areas, off-shore bars, nitrophilous areas at the nesting places of birds, etc. are also very poor in fungus species (Kalamees, 1980a). A number of water fungi grow in Estonia. They are found on plant remnants deposited on the bottom of water-bodies, on stalks of live plants and on other organic substrate in water. They mainly belong to Hyphomycetes (A. Kalamees, 1989). Macrofungi cannot grow in water, but favourable conditions for the development of many Helotiales are created in reed-beds and other groups of water plants as a result of the accumulation of decaying plant remnants after the flood has sunk. The mycobiota of ruderal and cultivated vegetation is highly varied and peculiar (Kalamees, 1981). The basic factor determining its composition is the humus content in the soil. Mainly humus saprobes grow on these sites, but coprotrophs are also often found. Lots of mycorrhizal fungi grow in parks. Estonian mycobiota is rich in edible fungi being represented by almost 400 species. The general resources of Estonian fungi reach to 36.5 thousand tons (Kalamees & Vaasma, 1980). Among forest types with stands ready for felling the following types can be undoubtedly considered the most productive: Vaccinium uliginosum pine type with 229 kg per hectare, Cladonia pine type with approximately 215 kg per hectare and Calluna pine type with approximately 239 kg per hectare (Kalamees & Vaasma, 1980; Kalamees & Silver, 1988, 1993). According to the latest data it is the young Cladonia type (25 years old) that with 569 kg per hectare exceeds manyfold the fungus yields of any other Estonian forest site. The most productive forests, as concerns the fungus yield, lie in North, South-East and South-West Estonia, and on the island of Saaremaa. As concerns fungus species, the following can be considered to be the most productive: Lactarius rufus with 495 kg per hectare, Suillus bovinus with 165 kg per hectare, Suillus variegatus with 129 kg per hectare and Russula decolorans with 94 kg per hectare (Kalamees & Silver, 1988). Among the 200 species of poisonous macrofungi have been recorded in Estonia, there are three deadly poisonous ones: Amanita virosa, A. phalloides and Inocybe erubescens. Mycetism has been rare in Estonia. Amanita virosa was the reason of four poisonings causing death during the period of 1935–1998 (see Lepik, 1935a; Witkovsky, 1935). Some quite serious poisonings were caused by Inocybe erubescens, Gyromitra esculenta, Cortinarius sp. (subg. Phlegmacium, sect. Xanthophylli), Paxillus involutus and Phaeolepiota aurea in recent years. Relatively many cases of mycotoxicoses in cattle recorded in Estonia during the last half a century were caused by spoilt feed. Dermatomycoses and candidiasis quite wide-spread mycoses are in people and domestic animals and aspergillose and trichohytosis in domestic animals and poultry. In Estonia there are about 150 species of macrofungi belonging to medical fungi, 3/4 of them for their antibiotic qualities. In fact, only 2 species have been used for this purpose. Claviceps purpurea is the only pharmacological fungus medicine used. In folk medicine Inonotus obliquus is used in the cure of cancer. There are about half a thousand fungus species in Estonia which pigments could be used for dyeing textile fabrics. However, as a matter of fact, they have never been used for this purpose. The basic principle of the fungus protection in Estonia consists in the protection of fungus habitats (Kalamees, 1988). As a result, we can protect successfully both the fungus resources and separate species requiring protection. The Red Data Book of Estonia contains 91 fungus species, the list of fungi under protection contains 30 species (Kalamees & Vaaasma, 1998).Käsikirja valmimist rahastas Eesti Teadusfond ja Eesti Haridusministeerium

From Child to Adult Victims and Witnesses: Ways of Improving the Quality of Investigative Interviews

Witness statements are important piece of evidence in criminal proceedings. Investigative interviews with witnesses are conducted in various stages of the investigative process, and the person conducting the investigative interview must take into account internal and external factors, that influence the quality of witnesses’ statements. The paper gives a systematic overview of the ways of improving the quality of investigative interviews of adult witnesses carried out by investigators, on the basis of a survey of the literature available from continental Europe but also Common Law countries (such as the UK, the US, and Australia). Even though detailed instructions and in-depth training programmes are available, today’s training consists largely of theoretical classroom lectures of a short-term nature that feature minimal practical tasks. Teaching methods of this type are effective in increasing knowledge but fail to transfer the knowledge into practice. Accordingly, the authors found that the training should be more practically oriented, have a longer duration, and incorporate personalised feedback in order to situate the knowledge in practice. In addition, several new computer-based approaches have been developed to help overcome the limitations identified. These provide a more personalised and flexible approach to learning, yet room still exists for further development. The paper concludes by addressing how work in the field of interviewing child and adult witnesses could develop in the future

Maturation of the Mismatch Response in pre-school children: a meta-analysis

The first attempt to systematically summarize the maturation of the auditory MMR response in typically developing children (0-8 years)

PROCESSING OF LANGUAGE SPECIFIC STIMULI AMONG ESTONIAN AND RUSSIAN NATIVE SPEAKERS: AN EEG STUDY

We studied how linguistic and non-linguistic auditory input is recognized and distinguished by the brain among native and language naïve speakers, and how that might influence the ability to process changes in duration and pitch. 12 Estonian and 12 Russian (with little experience in Estonian) native speakers took part in an MMN experiment using quantity contrast stimuli with changes in pitch and duration. Estonian is a quantity language with a complex and typologically rare three-way contrast while Russian does not exhibit the linguistic quantity category. Two different linguistic stimulus sets (‘SATA’, ‘SAKI’) and one pure tone stimulus set were used. Stimuli differed from each other by the duration of the first vowel [ɑ] (110, 170, 290 ms) and pitch change (level vs falling tone). The sine wave stimulus elicited a more persistent MMN wave with larger amplitude in both language groups, while linguistic stimuli elicited a more pronounced MMN response among the Estonian native speakers. Among the Russian native speakers, the only considerable MMN response for linguistic stimuli was elicited by a clear durational change; while the Estonian native speakers had an MMN response to pitch changes as well. This study is the first ERP study to support previous behavioral findings showing that native Estonian speakers used both durational and pitch cues to discriminate quantities while Russian native speakers used mainly durational cue, while also pointing out some possible limitations and directions for future research

Perceptual asymmetries and auditory processing of Estonian quantities

Similar to visual perception, auditory perception also has a clearly described “pop-out” effect, where an element with some extra feature is easier to detect among elements without an extra feature. This phenomenon is better known as auditory perceptual asymmetry. We investigated such asymmetry between shorter or longer duration, and level or falling of pitch, of linguistic stimuli that carry a meaning in one language (Estonian), but not in another (Russian). For the mismatch negativity (MMN) experiment, we created four different types of stimuli by modifying the duration of the first vowel [ɑ] (170, 290 ms) and pitch contour (level vs. falling pitch) of the stimuli words (‘SATA’, ‘SAKI’). The stimuli were synthesized from Estonian words (‘SATA’, ‘SAKI’) and follow the Estonian language three-way quantity system, which incorporates tonal features (falling pitch contour) together with temporal patterns. This made the meaning of the word dependent on the combination of both features and allows us to compare the relative contribution of duration and pitch contour in discrimination of language stimuli in the brain via MMN generation. The participants of the experiment were 12 Russian native speakers with little or no experience in Estonian and living in Estonia short-term, and 12 Estonian native speakers (age 18-27 years). We found that participants’ perception of the linguistic stimuli differed according to their native language, confirming that the meaning of the word interferes with the early automatic processing of phonological features and thus illustrating the effect of language background on language perception and also on auditory asymmetry. The GAMM and ANOVA analysis of the reversed design results showed that the deviant with longer duration among shorter standards elicited a MMN response with greater amplitude than the short deviant among long standards, while changes in pitch contour (falling vs. level pitch) produced neither strong MMN or asymmetry. Our results align with those of previous studies (Jaramillo et al., 2000), and contribute to the growing body of knowledge supporting auditory perceptual asymmetry

Perceptual asymmetries and auditory processing of Estonian quantities

Similar to visual perception, auditory perception also has a clearly described “pop-out” effect, where an element with some extra feature is easier to detect among elements without an extra feature. This phenomenon is better known as auditory perceptual asymmetry. We investigated such asymmetry between shorter or longer duration, and level or falling of pitch, of linguistic stimuli that carry a meaning in one language (Estonian), but not in another (Russian). For the mismatch negativity (MMN) experiment, we created four different types of stimuli by modifying the duration of the first vowel [ɑ] (170, 290 ms) and pitch contour (level vs. falling pitch) of the stimuli words (‘SATA’, ‘SAKI’). The stimuli were synthesized from Estonian words (‘SATA’, ‘SAKI’) and follow the Estonian language three-way quantity system, which incorporates tonal features (falling pitch contour) together with temporal patterns. This made the meaning of the word dependent on the combination of both features and allows us to compare the relative contribution of duration and pitch contour in discrimination of language stimuli in the brain via MMN generation. The participants of the experiment were 12 Russian native speakers with little or no experience in Estonian and living in Estonia short-term, and 12 Estonian native speakers (age 18-27 years). We found that participants’ perception of the linguistic stimuli differed according to their native language, confirming that the meaning of the word interferes with the early automatic processing of phonological features and thus illustrating the effect of language background on language perception and also on auditory asymmetry. The GAMM and ANOVA analysis of the reversed design results showed that the deviant with longer duration among shorter standards elicited a MMN response with greater amplitude than the short deviant among long standards, while changes in pitch contour (falling vs. level pitch) produced neither strong MMN nor asymmetry. Our results align with those of previous studies (Jaramillo et al., 2000), and contribute to the growing body of knowledge supporting auditory perceptual asymmetry

Musicality Effect on the Perception of Duration and Pitch in Language: A Cross-linguistic Study

This study adopts a cross-linguistic perspective and investigates how musical expertise affects the perception of duration and pitch in language. Native Chinese (N=44) and Estonians (N=46), each group subdivided into musicians and non-musicians, participated in a mismatch negativity (MMN) experiment where they passively listened to both Chinese and Estonian stimuli, followed by an attentive behavioral experiment where they discriminated the stimuli in the non-native language (i.e., Chinese to Estonian participants and Estonian to Chinese participants). In both experiments, stimuli of duration change, pitch change, and duration plus pitch change were discriminated. We found higher behavioral sensitivity among Chinese musicians than non-musicians in perceiving the duration change in Estonian and higher behavioral sensitivity among Estonian musicians than non-musicians in perceiving all types of changes in Chinese, but no corresponding musicality effect was found in the MMN results, which suggests a more salient musicality effect on foreign language processing when attention is required. Secondly, Chinese musicians did not outperform non-musicians in attentively discriminating the pitch-related stimuli in Estonian, suggesting that musical expertise can be overridden by tonal language experience when perceiving foreign linguistic pitch, especially when an attentive discrimination task is administered. Thirdly, we found larger MMN among Chinese and Estonian musicians than their non-musician counterparts in perceiving the largest deviant (i.e., duration plus pitch) in their native language, demonstrating a positive musicality effect in native language processing