ЭНЦЕФАЛОПАТИЯ И ГИПЕРЛАКТАТЕМИЯ В-ТИПА КАК ОСЛОЖНЕНИЕ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ 5-ФТОРУРАЦИЛОМ

Background. There is a wide spectrum of metabolic and toxic disorders that can cause acute encephalopathy in cancer patients. In routine clinical practice, hypoglycemia, vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficit, fulminant liver failure, uremia, severe hypoand hypernatremia should be primarily excluded. Central neurotoxicity associated with hyperammonemia in patients receiving 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and oral fluoropyrimidines should be considered in differential diagnosis. In this case, the analysis of the blood acid-base status and the detection of B-type hyperlactatemia can facilitate the diagnosis of the cause of encephalopathy.Case description. We present two cases of hyperlactatemia and encephalopathy in stage IV cancer patients with continuous infusion of 5-FU via a portable infusion pump.Conclusion. Diagnosis of the frequent fluoropyrimidin-related adverse effects, such as myelosuppression, anorexia, diarrhea, mucositis, and palm-plantar syndrome, are routine and mastered by an oncologist at the very beginning of his/her professional activity. Specific fluoropyrimidinerelated encephalopathy or hyperlactatemia are difficult to suspect and recognize. We hope our description will be useful to prevent possible diagnostic errors.Актуальность. Спектр метаболических и токсических расстройств, провоцирующих развитие острой энцефалопатии в онкологии, довольно широк. В первую очередь следует исключать гипогликемию, недостаток витамина B1 (тиамина), фульминантную печеночную недостаточность, уремию, тяжелую гипои гипернатриемию. У пациентов, получающих 5-фторурацил (5-ФУ) и фторпиримидины для приема внутрь, при дифференциальной диагностике следует учитывать и возможную центральную нейротоксичность этого класса противоопухолевых препаратов, связанную с гипераммониемией. В этом случае диагностике энцефалопатии может способствовать анализ кислотно-основного состояния крови и выявление гиперлактатемии B-типа.Описание случаев. Представлено два клинических случая энцефалопатии и гиперлактатемии у больных раком желудка и прямой кишки IV стадии, получавших 5-ФУ в виде длительной инфузии.Заключение. Диагностика частых побочных эффектов противоопухолевого лечения (в случае фторпиримидинов – миелосупрессия, анорексия, диарея, мукозит и ладонно-подошвенный синдром) является рутинной и осваивается онкологом на самых ранних этапах профессиональной деятельности; лечение этих осложнений и дальнейшая коррекция противоопухолевой терапии подробно освещены в руководствах. Специфические фторпиримидин-обусловленные энцефалопатию и гистотоксическую гиперлактатемию распознать довольно сложно. Надеемся, что наше описание поможет практическим врачам предотвратить возможные ошибки диагностики

Клиническое течение и исходы бактериемии Burkholderia cenocepacia в специализированной онкологической клинике

Aim of the study: To determine clinical course of Burkholderia cenocepacia bacteremia and outcomes in patients receiving cancer therapy. Materials and methods: We indentified 10 adult patients with culture-verified catheter-related Burkholderia cenocepacia bacteremia. Pathogens were identified with protein mass spectrometry of bacteria cells. Testing for the «Microscan WalkAway 40/96 Plus» (Germany) did antibiotic sensitivity or «VITEK 2» (France). Results: In the majority of cases course of bacteremia was indolent; this fact precluded its rapid identification with standard procedures for diagnosing bloodstream infection. All patients developed fever but we revealed neither leukocytosis nor leucopenia which could be attributed to active infection. However, antibiotic treatment was initiated during the 24 h after the first signs of infection in all cases. In one patient bacteremia was complicated with septic shock. We revealed that Burkholderia cenocepacia was able to form biofilms and persist in implanted venous port systems after treatment and in order to eradicate the pathogen venous catheters had to be removed despite effective antibacterial treatment. Initial treatment was prescribed empirically and further antibacterial treatment was adjusted based on sensitivity testing results in 7 patients. Burkholderia cenocepacia eradication rate was 100% and all patients were cured and were able to continue prescribed cancer therapy afterwards. Conclusion: given to the low frequency of Burkholderia cenocepacia sporadic infections, clinicians must be aware of the possibility of drugs and medical supplies contamination with this pathogen. If one reveals ≥1 case of Burkholderia cenocepacia-associated infection the internal investigation must be initiated. Empiric antimicrobial therapy widely prescribed to treat febrile neutropenia in cancer patients is effective in these cases. However, it cannot eradicate the pathogen from inner lumen of implanted venous catheters. Identification of the possible pathogen in blood cultures and antibiotics sensitivity testing using microbiological analyzers prompts the diagnosis of bacteremia and prescription of most effective therapyЦель: описание клинического течения и исходов при бактериемии Burkholderia cenocepacia у пациентов, получающих противоопухолевое лечение. Материалы и методы: десять взрослых пациентов с микробиологически подтвержденной катетер-ассоциированной бактериемией Burkholderia cenocepacia. Идентификация микроорганизмов проводилась масс-спектрометрическим анализом белковой фракции микробной клетки; чувствительность к антимикробным препаратам определяли на микробиологических анализаторах «Microscan WalkAway 40/96 Plus» (Германия) или «VITEK 2» (Франция). Результаты: в большинстве случаев клиническая картина бактериемии была неяркой, что затруднило быстрое выявление инфекции кровотока стандартными клиническими инструментами диагностики. Постоянным симптомом была лихорадка; лейкоцитоз или лейкопения, которые можно было бы связать с инфекцией, не зафиксированы. Во всех случаях антибиотикотерапию начинали с первых суток появления симптомов инфекции. Септический шок осложнил течение бактериемии только в одном наблюдении. У всех пациентов с имплантированными венозными порт-системами они были колонизированы и в последующем удалены. После микробиологической идентификации коррекция эмпирической антибиотикотерапии потребовалась в 7 случаях. Все пациенты были излечены и продолжили планировавшееся ранее противоопухолевое лечение. Заключение: учитывая низкую вероятность спорадических случаев, выявление в медицинском учреждении более 1 случая бактериемии Burkholderia cenocepacia за небольшой промежуток времени должно быть поводом для проведения санитарно-эпидемиологического расследования. Эмпирическая антибиотикотерапия, применяющаяся в настоящее время при фебрильной нейтропении, клинически эффективна в большинстве случаев Burkholderia cenocepacia, однако пероральный прием антибиотиков не обеспечивает эрадикацию возбудителя из внутреннего просвета венозных катетеров. Идентификация возбудителя и определение чувствительности к антимикробным препаратам с помощью микробиологических анализаторов способствует быстрой диагностике инфекции кровотока и адекватной коррекции эмпирической антибиотикотерапии.

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

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Nurses' perceptions of aids and obstacles to the provision of optimal end of life care in ICU

Contains fulltext : 172380.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access

ENCEPHALOPATHY AND HYPERLACTATEMIA AS A COMPLICATION OF 5-FLUOROURACIL TREATMENT

Background. There is a wide spectrum of metabolic and toxic disorders that can cause acute encephalopathy in cancer patients. In routine clinical practice, hypoglycemia, vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficit, fulminant liver failure, uremia, severe hypoand hypernatremia should be primarily excluded. Central neurotoxicity associated with hyperammonemia in patients receiving 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and oral fluoropyrimidines should be considered in differential diagnosis. In this case, the analysis of the blood acid-base status and the detection of B-type hyperlactatemia can facilitate the diagnosis of the cause of encephalopathy.Case description. We present two cases of hyperlactatemia and encephalopathy in stage IV cancer patients with continuous infusion of 5-FU via a portable infusion pump.Conclusion. Diagnosis of the frequent fluoropyrimidin-related adverse effects, such as myelosuppression, anorexia, diarrhea, mucositis, and palm-plantar syndrome, are routine and mastered by an oncologist at the very beginning of his/her professional activity. Specific fluoropyrimidinerelated encephalopathy or hyperlactatemia are difficult to suspect and recognize. We hope our description will be useful to prevent possible diagnostic errors

ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN THE ABSENCE OF CORONARY ARTERY OBSTRUCTION – A COMPLICATION OF ANTICANCER THERAPY WITH CAPECITABINE

The clinical case of acute myocardial infarction during a therapy with capecitabine is considered. Cardiovascular diseases and cardiovascular risk factors were not detected before the anticancer treatment. In a week after start of the fluoropyrimidine therapy, a routine electrocardiography revealed the acute phase of myocardial infarction of the lower localization. The diagnosis was confirmed by biochemical blood tests. The administration of capecitabine was discontinued. An urgent coronary angiography did not find obstruction of the coronary arteries. Thus, according to the results of a standard therapeutic examination of the patient, it was impossible to predict the development of capecitabine-induced cardiovascular toxicity before the start of anticancer therapy, as well as diagnose it clinically

The role of platelets in inflammation and immunity

In recent decades, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of platelet function and platelet hemostasis correction. Platelets are considered as the most important participants of both normal, and pathological thrombotic process characteristic of the most different diseases and states. In the present review pathophysiological mechanisms of platelet synthesis of various mediators with paracrine effects, which can influence the function of other cells, are consecrated. The physiology of platelets was considered in detail. The leading role of platelets in pathogenesis of the majority of diseases of cardiovascular system as modulators of inflammatory reactions of the immune response which are considered as the leading mechanism of development of atherosclerosis was shown. The ability of platelets to encode inflammatory proteins allowing them to influence adaptive immunity functions was discussed. The role of platelets as a key component of the innate immune system was presented, which is confirmed by the presence of Tolllike receptors (TLR) and glycoproteins, such as integrin αIIbβ3, glycoprotein Ib-IX and FcγRIIa, involved in interaction with bacterial cells. The pathogenesis of the formation of platelet-leukocyte aggregates due to the rapid reversible interaction of P-selectin (CD62P) on the platelet surface with ligand-1 glycoprotein P-selectin (PSGL-1) on the plasma of leukocytes and the mechanism of extracellular neutrophil traps (NETs), as well as the influence of platelets on the function of lymphocytes was presented. The role of platelets in cancer progression, metastasis and thrombosis is considered, and the interrelation of thrombosis and metastasis in malignant diseases was analyzed. The efficiency of the use of antithrombotic drugs in the prevention of thrombosis and, as a consequence, in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and cancer was discussed

Burkholderia cenocepacia bacteremia in the oncology clinic: clinical features and outcomes

Aim of the study: To determine clinical course of Burkholderia cenocepacia bacteremia and outcomes in patients receiving cancer therapy. Materials and methods: We indentified 10 adult patients with culture-verified catheter-related Burkholderia cenocepacia bacteremia. Pathogens were identified with protein mass spectrometry of bacteria cells. Testing for the «Microscan WalkAway 40/96 Plus» (Germany) did antibiotic sensitivity or «VITEK 2» (France). Results: In the majority of cases course of bacteremia was indolent; this fact precluded its rapid identification with standard procedures for diagnosing bloodstream infection. All patients developed fever but we revealed neither leukocytosis nor leucopenia which could be attributed to active infection. However, antibiotic treatment was initiated during the 24 h after the first signs of infection in all cases. In one patient bacteremia was complicated with septic shock. We revealed that Burkholderia cenocepacia was able to form biofilms and persist in implanted venous port systems after treatment and in order to eradicate the pathogen venous catheters had to be removed despite effective antibacterial treatment. Initial treatment was prescribed empirically and further antibacterial treatment was adjusted based on sensitivity testing results in 7 patients. Burkholderia cenocepacia eradication rate was 100% and all patients were cured and were able to continue prescribed cancer therapy afterwards. Conclusion: given to the low frequency of Burkholderia cenocepacia sporadic infections, clinicians must be aware of the possibility of drugs and medical supplies contamination with this pathogen. If one reveals ≥1 case of Burkholderia cenocepacia-associated infection the internal investigation must be initiated. Empiric antimicrobial therapy widely prescribed to treat febrile neutropenia in cancer patients is effective in these cases. However, it cannot eradicate the pathogen from inner lumen of implanted venous catheters. Identification of the possible pathogen in blood cultures and antibiotics sensitivity testing using microbiological analyzers prompts the diagnosis of bacteremia and prescription of most effective therap