ON r-FUZZY λ-CLOSED SETS AND SMOOTH FUZZY λ-CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS

This paperdeals with the interrelations of r-fuzzy -closed sets with other types of closed sets with the suitable counter examples. Also, the interrelations of smooth fuzzy -continuous functions with other types of smooth fuzzy continuous functions are established with the necessary counter examples.Finally, the properties and the characterizations of smooth fuzzy -compact spaces are discussed

A study of selected listed food, beverage and tobacco companies in Sri Lanka

The study is to analysis the effects of liquidity, profitability and risk of listed food, beverage and tobacco companies on Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE) in Sri Lanka. In this study purpose, six companies have been selected from CSE for six years period from 2006/2007 to 2011/2012. The following ratios were used as indicators such as current ratio and quick ratio for liquidity, Earnings per Share (EPS) and Return on Assets (ROA) for profitability and Degree of Combined Leverage (DCL) for combined risk. This study highlights that liquidity is insignificant impact on profitabilit

Modelling and control of crystallization process

Batch crystallizers are predominantly used in chemical industries like pharmaceuticals, food industries and specialty chemicals. The nonlinear nature of the batch process leads to difficulties when the objective is to obtain a uniform Crystal Size Distribution (CSD). In this study, a linear PI controller is designed using classical controller tuning methods for controlling the crystallizer outlet temperature by manipulating the inlet jacket temperature; however, the response is not satisfactory. A simple PID controller cannot guarantee a satisfactory response that is why an optimal controller is designed to keep the concentration and temperature in a range that suits our needs. Any typical process operation has constraints on states, inputs and outputs. So, a nonlinear process needs to be operated satisfying the constraints. Hence, a nonlinear controller like Generic Model Controller (GMC) which is similar in structure to the PI controller is implemented. It minimizes the derivative of the squared error, thus improving the output response of the process. Minimization of crystal size variation is considered as an objective function in this study. Model predictive control is also designed that uses advanced optimization algorithm to minimize the error while linearizing the process. Constraints are fed into the MPC toolbox in MATLAB and Prediction, Control horizons and Performance weights are tuned using Sridhar and Cooper Method. Performances of all the three controllers (PID, GMC and MPC) are compared and it is found that MPC is the most superior one in terms of settling time and percentage overshoot

Prakara Yogas as an Immunomodulator during Infancy - A Critical Evaluation

Infancy is a crucial phase where the child comes across many mild to life threatening infections. The immunodeficiency of this period is compensated to some extend by the vertically transmitted antibodies from mother, exclusive breast feeding and through proper vaccination. But the protection offered by the maternal antibodies is transient and wanes off within 1 year. Concept of exclusive breastfeeding cannot be met in all circumstances especially in working mothers. Vaccinations provide protection against specific infections. In the present setting of pandemic, where the difficulties faced in tackling the spread of infections are witnessed, vaccinations become chaotic due to the unpredictable mutations of microbes. At this juncture arises the need for a well-built generalized immunity that will protect against a number of infections irrespective of the causative organism. Prakara Yogas are various immunomodulatory formulations elaborated in the textbook Arogyaraksha Kalpadruma that are scheduled to be administered during childhood in order to prevent diseases. The drug combinations in Prakara Yogas counteract the expected Dosha Vaishamya at specific ages, stabilize Agni and enhances immunity thereby preventing the onset of diseases. For protecting our future generations, usage of these formulations should be promoted for boosting their innate immunity, rather than attaining disease specific immunity against diseases through vaccination. This paper elaborates Prakara Yogas advised during infancy and also an attempt is made to critically analyse the formulations in aiding immunomodulation

Kirurgisk behandling av degenerative meniskskader

Degenerativ meniskskade er en vanlig skade i befolkningen. Flere og flere opplever plager av dette ettersom befolkningen blir stadig eldre. De siste årene har det blitt publisert flere studier som tyder på at effekten av kirurgi ikke er statistisk signifikant i forhold til konservativ behandling, verken når det kommer til smerter eller funksjon. ”Rapport om dagkirurgi i Norge 2011-2013” viser at meniskoperasjoner er ulikt fordelt blant befolkningen i Norge. Enkelte deler av landet utfører fire ganger flere inngrep per 100 000 innbyggere enn andre boområder. Målsetningen med oppgaven vår er derfor å redusere antall unødvendige meniskoperasjoner. En systematisk oversikt og metaanalyse fra 2014 danner kunnskapsgrunnlaget for oppgaven vår. Denne studien inkluderer syv enkeltstudier, deriblant et enkeltstudium der man sammenlignet kirurgi med såkalt sham-kirurgi. Resultatene viste en bedring i funksjon etter 6 måneder, men det var ingen bedring etter 12 måneder. Det var ingen bedring i smerter verken på kort eller lang sikt. En undersøkelse av dagens praksis ved fire sykehus i ulike deler av Norge viser til dels ulik framgangsmåte mtp. vurdering av pasientene og indikasjoner for kirurgi. Ved tre av sykehusene mangler det skriftlige retningslinjer for vurdering. Vi foreslår derfor å utarbeide nasjonale skriftlige retningslinjer som et tiltak for å redusere antall operasjoner. Dette arbeidet bør ledes av en bredt sammensatt ekspertgruppe med mandat fra Helsedirektoratet. Vi ønsker også at fastlegene får tilgang til standardisert informasjon til hjelp ved spørsmål om videre henvisning. I tillegg ser vi for oss at helsemyndighetene også styrer dette via økonomiske incentiver. For å måle effekten av tiltakene våre vil vi blant annet telle antall operasjoner pr 100 000 innbyggere, telle antall henvisninger fra fastlegene og forsøke å måle den økonomiske effekten av tiltakene. Siden det ikke finnes overordnede retningslinjer for behandling av degenerative meniskskader har vi valgt å dele implementering av tiltakene våre i to: Den første delen beskriver hvordan vi ser for oss å organisere dette på overordnet nivå, mens del to beskriver hvordan vi ser for oss at tiltakene kan implementeres i et klinisk mikrosystem. Vi har valgt å bruke PDSA-sirkelen som et verktøy for implementering av tiltakene. Målet om å redusere antall operasjoner krever etablering av nasjonale retningslinjer og andre tiltak på nasjonalt og lokalt nivå. Vi har gjennom denne oppgaven forsøkt å lage en plan for endring av dagens praksis til en mer restriktiv tilnærming

Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy Analysis and Phytochemical Characterization of Aegle Marmelos (Bael) Leaf, Stem and its Screening of Antimicrobial Activity

Phytochemical screening tests was conducted for five plant species and found that extract contains a variety of Phytochemical like saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides and reducing sugars and among which there is higher level of precipitation for phenol and flavonoids. As they are essential source of antimicrobial agents against pathogen, their extract were tested for its antimicrobial activity by well diffusion method using Nutrient agar against human pathogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli. This study provided evidence to confirm the presence of various medicinally important bioactive compounds or Phytochemical that has got biological importance and it justifies their use in the traditional medicines for the treatment of different diseases and this findings suggest that the selected plant extracts possesses antimicrobial properties that could be used for biological control of bacterial cultures and this bioactive compounds serve as a source of antimicrobial agents against human pathogens. Medicinal plants have bioactive compounds which are used for curing of various human diseases and also play an important role in healing. Phytochemical have two categories i.e., primary and secondary constituent. The phytochemical analysis of the plants is very important commercially and has great interest in pharmaceutical companies for the production of the new drugs for curing of various diseases. this GC-MS has been used as standard protocol for a foreign substance identification because of its used to identify the particular specific test results which is indicates or identifies the presences of that particular substance. The aqueous leaf extract were used for to identify and the phytochemical analysis used to find out the phytochemical constituents presents at the taken plants. Plant showed that the alkaloids, trepenoids, phenol and tannins, reducing sugar, saponin, proteins, anthocyanin, coumarin and glycosides were found to be presents in the given plants. Gas chromatography with mass spectroscopy detection is the state of the art methods for detection and identification of unknown compound, it is also not infallible and many compounds are difficulty with their accuracy certaint

Computational Micromodel for Epigenetic Mechanisms

Characterization of the epigenetic profile of humans since the initial breakthrough on the human genome project has strongly established the key role of histone modifications and DNA methylation. These dynamic elements interact to determine the normal level of expression or methylation status of the constituent genes in the genome. Recently, considerable evidence has been put forward to demonstrate that environmental stress implicitly alters epigenetic patterns causing imbalance that can lead to cancer initiation. This chain of consequences has motivated attempts to computationally model the influence of histone modification and DNA methylation in gene expression and investigate their intrinsic interdependency. In this paper, we explore the relation between DNA methylation and transcription and characterize in detail the histone modifications for specific DNA methylation levels using a stochastic approach

Phytohormones as Growth Regulators During Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants

Phytohormones (PHs) play crucial role in regulation of various physiological and biochemical processes that govern plant growth and yield under optimal and stress conditions. The interaction of these PHs is crucial for plant survival under stressful environments as they trigger signaling pathways. Hormonal cross regulation initiate a cascade of reactions which finely tune the physiological processes in plant architecture that help plant to grow under suboptimal growth conditions. Recently, various studies have highlighted the role of PHs such as abscisic acid, salicylic acid, ethylene, and jasmonates in the plant responses toward environmental stresses. The involvement of cytokinins, gibberellins, auxin, and relatively novel PHs such as strigolactones and brassinosteroids in plant growth and development has been documented under normal and stress conditions. The recent identification of the first plant melatonin receptor opened the door to this regulatory molecule being considered a new plant hormone. However, polyamines, which are not considered PHs, have been included in this chapter. Various microbes produce and secrete hormones which helped the plants in nutrient uptake such as N, P, and Fe. Exogenous use of such microbes help plants in correcting nutrient deficiency under abiotic stresses. This chapter focused on the recent developments in the knowledge related to PHs and their involvement in abiotic stresses of anticipation, signaling, cross-talk, and activation of response mechanisms. In view of role of hormones and capability of microbes in producing hormones, we propose the use of hormones and microbes as potential strategy for crop stress management.Fil: EL Sabagh, Ayman. Scientific And Technological Research Council Of Turkey; TurquíaFil: Islam, Mohammad Sohidul. Kafrelsheikh University; EgiptoFil: Hossain, Akbar. Hajee Mohammad Danesh And Technology University; BangladeshFil: Iqbal, Muhammad Aamir. University Of Poonch; PakistánFil: Mubeen, Mohammad. Comsats University Islamabad; PakistánFil: Waleed, Mirza. Comsats University Islamabad; PakistánFil: Reginato, Mariana Andrea. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas; ArgentinaFil: Battaglia, Martin. Cornell University; Estados UnidosFil: Ahmed, Sharif. International Rice Research Institute; FilipinasFil: Rehman, Abdul. The Islamia University Of Bahawalpur; PakistánFil: Arif, Muhammad. The University Of Agriculture; PakistánFil: Athar, Habib-Ur-Rehman. Bahauddin Zakariya University; PakistánFil: Ratnasekera, Disna. University Of Ruhuna; Sri LankaFil: Danish, Subhan. Bahauddin Zakariya University; PakistánFil: Raza, Ali. Sichuan Agricultural University; ChinaFil: Rajendran, Karthika. Vellore Institute Of Technology; IndiaFil: Mushtaq, Muntazir. Icar-national Bureau Of Plant Genetic Resources; IndiaFil: Skalicky, Milan. Czech University Of Life Sciences Prague; República ChecaFil: Brestic, Marian. Czech University Of Life Sciences Prague; República ChecaFil: Soufan, Walid. King Saud University; Arabia SauditaFil: Fahad, Shah. University Of Haripur; PakistánFil: Pandey, Saurabh. Guru Nanak Dev University; IndiaFil: Abdelhamid, Magdi T.. National Research Centre Dokki; Egipt

Heredity and cardiometabolic risk: naturally occurring polymorphisms in the human neuropeptide Y2 receptor promoter disrupt multiple transcriptional response motifs

The neuropeptide Y2 G-protein-coupled receptor (NPY2R) relays signals from PYY or neuropeptide Y toward satiety and control of body mass. Targeted ablation of the NPY2R locus in mice yields obesity, and studies of NPY2R promoter genetic variation in more than 10 000 human participants indicate its involvement in control of obesity and BMI. Here we searched for genetic variation across the human NPY2R locus and probed its functional effects, especially in the proximal promoter