War Devastation and Cultural Inscriptions in Purananooru

Purananooru literature is a legendary and heroic literature of tamils. Valor and war were paramount during the sangam period. Those who are full of valor are privileged. This literature deals with tradition and ideology. The so- called global war news has gained the attention of the world. It has been over four hundred years since were given the motto “Yadhum Ure Yavarum Kelir” palanthamil literature is the proof that our Tamils lived as people who were unparalleled in love and character. The war system of the sangha period was when one king invaded and waged war against another king considering the wealth of his country.  Ethical Basis for War Crimes among nations today are noteworthy. Battlegrounds show methods of warfare extolled in sangha literature. There is no evidence so far of any maipractice in sangh Boreal news. The aim of this article is to see the destruction of war and its cultural records in Purananooru

Psychological View of Hand crafts Field in Puranauru

Psychology is the academic and applied discipline that studies human mental functions and behaviors scientifically. A person belonging to this field is called a psychologist. These psychologists are classified as behavioral or social scientists. Basic psychological and neural functions are also revealed when psychologists attempt to understand the role of individuals mental activity or social behavior. The purpose of this study is to examine the field of handcrafts in Purananuru text from a psychological point of view

Land Kings of Sangam Era from Sociological Prespective

During Sangam period there were land lords who holds the rank next to Vendars. These lords pay tax to Vendars and they themselves participated in politics and served as army chiefs to the Vendars in times of war. Minor parts of the lands owned by Chera, Chola and Pandyas were ruled by these land lords and they opposed them and kept the areas under their control. Land lords like Kosar came fromm the northern part of Tamilnadu. This kind of sociological approach has greatly contributed to social history of Tamil and especially about the ancient history. The most famous among land lords is Kadaiyaelu Vallalgal. The article brings out the generosity of Kadaiyaelu Vallal, his friendship with the other kings and the jealousy of the three Vendars Chera, Chola and Pandya over him. In addition to this the article discusses about the generosity, valor and fame of the land lord Athiyaman. We come to know about the glory of Tamilnadu through these kings

Bridgeless SEPIC Converter Based Computer Power Supply Using Coupled Inductor

Switched Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) are used as power source for computers. Conventional SMPS used in computers are suffered by some serious problems such as poor power quality, high device stress, slow dynamic response, high harmonic contents, periodically dense, peak currents, distorted input current. To minimize these problems, a non-isolated bridgeless buck-boost single ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) using coupled inductor is introduced at the front end of the SMPS, which is operated in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). This proposed technique reduces the Total Harmonic Distortion(THD), which results in power factor improvement. The DC output voltage of the SMPS is almost a constant voltage which is regulated by means of the proposed SEPIC converter. For obtaining different dc voltage levels for the PC applications, the output of the front end SEPIC converter is fed to the half-bridge DC-DC converter. The output voltages of the SMPS are controlled by controlling any one of the output voltages. Design and simulation of the proposed converter are carried out using the MATLAB/simulink software

Strain USG elastography with gray scale and colour doppler imaging of thyroid nodules – efficacy compared with FNAC

INTRODUCTION: Thyroid nodules are very commonly observed on thyroid ultrasonography. Conventional US has been widely used to determine which nodules should be biopsied. Although conventional US can provide meaningful information in thyroid nodule diagnosis, there has been considerable variation in diagnostic performances. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is required for the nodules with suspicious ultrasound signs. However, FNAC has inherent limitations due to indeterminate and nondiagnostic results. As a consequence, a significant number of patients eventually receive unnecessary thyroid surgery. Therefore, improvement and refinement of noninvasive methods to depict malignancy are needed.In this context, US elastography (USE) has recently been introduced in the clinical workup of thyroid nodules. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: AIM: To compare sonography combined with USE findings of thyroid lesion with the cytological results of fine-needle aspiration cytology and determine the accuracy of ultrasound combined USE findings in the diagnosis of thyroid lesions. OBJECTIVE: Ultrasonographic and USE evaluation of thyroid lesions as benign, intermediate or malignant. To compare the accuracy of Ultrasonographic findings with fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and overall accuracy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prospective study with 100 patients. GRAY SCALE USG, USE and Ultrasound guided FNAC will be collected from patients presented for a thyroid lesion after detailed sonographic evaluation. RESULTS: In this evaluation of 100 thyroid nodules, 96 benign nodules and 4 probably malignant nodules were detected by combining USG and USE. Out of 3 cases of carcinoma detected by FNAC, all are detected by combining both techniques. The combination yielded improvement with 99% specificity and 99.5% overall accuracy with a highly significant p value ( p < 0.01). , whereas USG alone had 91.8% specificity and 95.9 % overall accuracy. CONCLUSION: According to this study, it can be concluded that USG in combination with elastography is an cost effective, non – invasive and feasible technique to detect malignant thyroid nodule with a high specificity. Given the high prevalence of thyroid nodules and the substantial costs related to their workup and management, USG in combination with elastography can help in identifying patients in need of FNAC or Biopsy. Gray scale USG in combination with elastography may also be used to guide the follow-up of suspicious lesions negative for malignancy at FNAC

Curcumin Mediated Gold Nanoparticles and Analysis of its Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial Activity Against Oral Pathogens

Objective: To green synthesise gold nanoparticles using curcumin and to analyse its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activity among oral pathogens. Material and Methods: Biosynthesised Curcumin Gold nanoparticles (CuAuNP) were evaluated by UV-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity against oral pathogens. Results: Synthesized CuAuNP were characterized using UV-visible spectrophotometry and showed peak absorption at 530nm. CuAuNp showed a 90.3% maximum scavenging ability of DPPH at a concentration of 50 μg/mL. CuAuNP exhibited 79.6 % of the highest anti-inflammatory activity at 50μg/mL than the standard drug diclofenac. TEM image clearly showed uniformly dispersed spherical-shaped gold nanoparticles with a size of about 20 nm. The biosynthesized nanoparticle was tested for its antimicrobial effect, and it showed a potent effect against S. aureus, E. faecalis, and C. albicans at 100µg/ mL. Enterococcus faecalis has a maximum zone of inhibition of 14 mm at 100µg/ mL of CuAuNp. Among gram-positive bacteria, a maximum zone of inhibition of 12 mm at 100µg/ mL was seen in S. aureus compared to S mutans. Candida albicans showed a maximum zone of inhibition of 18 mm at 25 μg/mL of CuAuNp. Conclusion: Curcumin-mediated gold nanoparticles with 20 nm size were effective and had strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity at 50µg/ mL, antimicrobial action inhibiting microbes at 100µg/ mL concentration that can be used in treating various Oral mucosal lesions

Formulation and Evaluation of Repaglinide Immediate Release Tablets with Improved Dissolution Using Solid Dispersion Technique

AIM AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present work is to investigate the possibility of obtaining immediate release tablet of repaglinide with improved dissolution using Solid dispersion technique. Basic goals in the immediate release tablets are to increase patient compliance, ease of administration, safety and appropriate dosing. Orally disintegrating formulations are provide benefits for pharmaceutical companies like lifecycle management , line extension, market expansion, cost effective drug development programs. Immediate release tablet has perceived faster onset of action. repaglinide is a white or half white powder, relatively insoluble in water. It is a class 2 drug according to BCS Classification Solubility and dissolution was improved by formulating solid dispersion. The advantage of this delivery system, in the present study were made to formulate immediate release tablet repaglinide, which is useful to reduce sudden increased glucose level in the treatment of non- insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). The direct compression was used to compress the tablets as it is easy way to manufacture tablets. Conventional equipments, commonly available excipients and limited number of processing steps are involved in direct compression and so manufacturing cost is low. Tablets produced by direct compression are relatively strong and hardness and have less friability. In the present study immediate release drug delivery system of repaglinide were successfully developed in the form of mouth dissolving tablets with improved dissolution characteristic by forming solid dispersion with PEG 6000, which offers a suitable and practical approach in serving desired objective of faster disintegration and dissolution characteristics with increase bioavailability. Immediate release tablets of repaglinide were prepared by using natural superintegrants like microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate and their combination as superdisintegrants. Superdisintegrants work as an auxiliary or as a facilitator of the flowability and compressibility of the mixture and contribute to the immediate release of the tablet, due to its high solubility in water. For the repaglinide formulation, batch No. 2 was chosen as it has disintegration time around 5-35 seconds and hardness3.5 Kg/Cm2. IR spectra of drug with other excipients has not shown any interaction and also selected formulation was stable after stability studies. CONCLUSION The solubility and dissolution rate of repaglinide can be enhanced by formulating SDs of repaglinide with PEG 6000.The solubilization effect of PEG 6000, reduction of particle aggregation of the drug, formation of microcrystalline or amorphous drug, increased wetability and dispersibility, and alteration of the surface properties of the drug particles might be responsible for the enhanced solubility and dissolution rate of repaglinide from its SD and to some extent in PMs. No endothermic peak of repaglinide was present in of SDs with PEG 6000 suggesting the absence of crystalline repaglinide. From FTIR spectroscopy, it was concluded that there was no well defined chemical interaction between repaglinide and PEG 6000 in SDs and in PMs, as no important new peaks could be observed. The identical composition of Superdisintegrants showed that a substantial shorter time require for disintegration can be obtained and immediate release tablet were prepared. The repaglinide immediate release tablet (F2) showed 78.72% drug release within first 5 min. and 99.50% drug release with in 30 min. The results showed that the formulation satisfied the objective of fast disintegration, dissolution, % friability, hardness, wetting time, water absorption ratio, ease of administration and safety. Success of the present study recommends a detailed investigation in to in-vivo studies for its effective use in clinical practice

Stabilized, Hybrid Solid-State Photocatalysts for Water Purification: Preparation, Properties and Performance under Visible Light Irradiation

Stabilized heterogeneous photocatalysts that use only solar light and air have been prepared and successfully employed to decontaminate water from organic pollutants. Organic dye pollutants present, for example in textile effluents, are one of the major sources of water pollution owing to their limited biodegradability, toxicity and potential carcinogenic risks. Before certifying water for public consumption, reuse in industries or for discharge in surface water the organic pollutants must be degraded, an effort that is energy intensive and currently requires complex methodologies. We report solid-state photocatalysts that use only visible light and air to treat wastewater. Perfluoroalkyl perfluoro-substituted zinc phthalocyanine F64PcZn, an efficient and stable photocatalyst, deposited on micrometer to nanometer size SiO2 and TiO2 particles and polymer membranes such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethersulfone and polypropylene has been shown to be active for the photodegradation of model organic pollutants such as methyl orange, rhodamine B and methyl red. Our investigation suggests F64PcZn adsorbed on TiO2 through the interaction of central zinc atom and fluorine atoms of peripheral -CF3 group. Total organic carbon and total dissolved nitrogen in water decreased after photoreaction catalyzed by F64PcZn/SiO2 and F64PcZn/TiO2. The fragmentation of organic dye pollutants is confirmed by 1H-NMR, HPLC and LC-MS studies. Moreover, HPLC and LC-MS analyses suggest the adsorption of rhodamine B is different on bare TiO2 as compared to F64PcZn/TiO2 because of the difference in surface charges. Zeta potential measurements show that the surface of F64PcZn/TiO2 contains negative charges, thus positive group of dye pollutants readily interacts. Examination of the effect of F64PcZn loading amounts on SiO2 and TiO2 through fluorescence and UV-Vis-NIR spectral measurements indicate an optimum amount of F64PcZn needs to be deposited on SiO2 and TiO2 particles. Too much of F64PcZn deposition leads to either aggregation or decrease in fluorescence of hybrid photocatalyst. The current study indicates that there is no orbital coupling between F64PcZn and the matrices SiO2 and TiO2. When F64PcZn is deposited on NiO, an orbital coupling is occured but, the photo reactivity is nullified. An electron transfer from NiO to F64PcZn deactivates the excited catalyst molecule rapidly before reacting with oxygen to produce singlet oxygen, 1O2. F64PcZn/TiO2 is stable even under UV light irradiation as compared to commercial phthalocyanines such as H16PcZn/TiO2 and F16PcZn/TiO2. In addition, F64PcZn/TiO2 catalytic efficiency is higher than H16PcZn/TiO2 and F16PcZn/TiO2. F64PcZn/TiO2 can be used for several cycles without any loss in the catalyst efficiency. Hence, a stable as well as an efficient hybrid photo catalyst is synthesized to purify water using renewable resources