Ochrona zasobów zwierząt gospodarskich w kontekście zrównoważonego rozwoju

The paper presents the issue of protection of farm animals’ genetic resources in the context of three aspects of the balanced development: social, economic and ecological. Each preserved breed is stating the step towards keeping the traditional structure of local communities, their traditions and culture. It provides possibilities of the secured existence for farmers producing on small areas where there are no chances for running the intensive production. These workplaces are connected with production of the traditional, health food. And at last, it is related to the care of the natural environment based on the rational management and esteem for other organisms and also welfare improvement of farm animals. In this article it was pointed, that the behavior of native animal breeds for future generations will give descendants possibilities of using this alive gene bank. At present, it is difficult to determine when and how, it should be used in the future. Protecting these breed can guarantee for the future generations the same possibilities, which we are having now and the care of this matter is stating the cornerstone of the sustainable development idea. Artykuł prezentuje zagadnienie ochrony zasobów genetycznych zwierząt gospodarskich w kontekście trzech wymiarów zrównoważonego rozwoju: społecznego, ekonomicznego i ekologicznego. Każda zachowana rasa to krok ku zachowaniu tradycyjnej struktury lokalnych społeczności, ich tradycji i kultury. To  stworzenie możliwości bezpiecznej egzystencji dla rolników gospodarujących na niewielkim areale, gdzie nie ma szans na prowadzenie intensywnej produkcji. To miejsca pracy związane z wytwarzaniem tradycyjnej, zdrowej żywności. To wreszcie dbałość o środowisko naturalne oparta na racjonalnym gospodarowaniu i poszanowaniu dla innych organizmów, to poprawa dobrostanu użytkowanych zwierząt. W artykule wskazano, że zachowanie rodzimych ras zwierząt dla przyszłych pokoleń daje potomnym możliwość korzystania z tego żywego banku genów. Dziś trudno przecież powiedzieć, kiedy i jak będzie trzeba z niego skorzystać. Chroniąc te rasy gwarantujemy przyszłym pokoleniom takie same możliwości jakie sami posiadamy, a dbałość o to jest przecież sednem zrównoważonego rozwoju

The Share of European Economies in the Process of Convergence of Long-term Interest Rates in the EU in the Period of 2006–2016

The paper refers to the process of convergence of interest rates of ten-year government bonds emitted by EU countries. It is an attempt to assess the participation of particular European economies in this process. The primary tools of analysis were panel models with fixed effects, including models that consider the links among economies, which are quantified by using a distance matrix between indicators of fiscal stability comprehended as the share of public debt in GDP. The idea of the so-called vertical convergence was used. The analysis was conducted on the basis of pooled time series and cross-sectional data for the 27 members of the EU in the period between January 2006 and November 2016

Analysis of β-Convergence. From Traditional Cross-Section Model to Dynamic Panel Model

Celem artykułu jest omówienie kierunku rozwoju metodologii badania konwergencji gospodarczej, wskazującego na potrzebę uwzględniania w modelach wzrostu regionów powiązań przestrzennych między nimi. Artykuł prezentuje empiryczne modele β-konwergencji dotyczące wzrostu gospodarczego regionów Europy, otrzymane przy wykorzystaniu różnych koncepcji metodologicznych. W artykule rekomenduje się modele z zakresu ekonometrii przestrzennej. Dane empiryczne dotyczą PKB per capita w regionach NUTS-2 27 państw europejskich, będących członkami Unii Europejskiej. Zakres czasowy analizy obejmuje lata 1995–2009 (dane roczne).The aim of the paper is to discuss the course of development of methodology of economic convergence analyses, which points up the necessity of taking into consideration spatial connections among regions in regional growth models. It presents empirical models of β-convergence concerning the economic growth of European regions using various methodological conceptions. In the paper the models offered by spatial econometrics are recommended. The empirical data refer to per capita GDP across the European Union regions at a NUTS-2 level over the period 1995–2009 (annual data)

Hemostasis – compendium for students

Hemostasis is one of many well-known systems that ensure a constant conditions of the organism's internal environment. This process is usually divided into two main stages: coagulation and fibrinolysis. Both of them occur simultaneously and under physiological conditions they are in dynamic equilibrium. There are primary and secondary hemostasis. The primary hemostasis leads to the formation a platelet clot that forms almost directly after a blood vessel has been ruptured. In the other hand, the secondary hemostasis is the activation of coagulation, which leads to the strengthening of the platelet plug through the fibrin network formation as a result of the polymerization of the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen. The key role in hemostasis plays the interaction of platelets – which are the smallest non nucleated blood cells that are formed from the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes, and plasma coagulation factors with vascular endothelial cells and subendothelial tissues. In this report it is decribed the process of physiological hemostasis, especially the newer concept of blood coagulation

The Significance of Distance Between Stock Exchanges Undergoing the Process of Convergence: an Analysis of Selected World Stock Exchanges During the Period of 2004–2012

The paper concerns the convergence of selected world stock exchanges from the point of view of their development in the context of geographical and economic distance between them. It presents the methodological approach which points up the necessity of taking into account spatial and economic connections among stock markets in convergence analyses. The research includes 46 largest trading floors analyzed in the period of 2004–2012. The empirical data refer to six diagnostic variables acknowledged as the important determinants of the development of stock markets

The influence of cross-breeding Zlotnicka Spotted native breed sows with boars of Duroc (D) and Polish Large White (PLW) breeds on meat quality

The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of cross-breeding of Zlotnicka Spotted sows with Duroc and Polish Large White boars on the quality of meat of crossbred fatteners. The investigation was done on 50 carcasses of fatteners from four genetic groups: Zlotnicka Spotted x Zlotnicka Spotted (n = 20), Zlotnicka Spotted x Polish Large White (n = 10), Zlotnicka Spotted x Duroc (n = 10) and Zlotnicka Spotted x (Zlotnicka Spotted x Duroc, n = 10). The analysis of pH in the longissimus and semimembranosus muscles in all the genetic groups revealed typical values of meat without qualitative deviations. No statistically significant differences between the groups were observed. Pale, soft and exudative (PSE) meat was found in one carcass of Zlotnicka Spotted x Zlotnicka Spotted group and two carcasses of Zlotnicka Spotted x Polish Large White group. The results of evaluation of physiochemical characteristics indicate very good quality of meat in all the groups of animals. The highest content of intramuscular fat, that is, 3.80%, was observed in the carcasses of the Zlotnicka Spotted x (Zlotnicka Spotted x Duroc) group. Statistical differences were found between this group and Zlotnicka Spotted x Polish Large White, in which the intramuscular fat content was 2.95%. The meat of all the genetic groups of pigs was characterised by desirable and the same colour in the profile of the longissimus muscle. However, similarly to many native breeds, this muscle was characterised by lesser lightness than breeds with high meat content. Also, the results of evaluation of sensory quality determinants, that is, flavour, juiciness, tenderness and palatability, which were higher than four points on average (one to five scale), confirmed perfect quality of the meat. To sum up, it is possible to say that the raw meat of Zlotnicka Spotted pigs and their cross-breeds with Duroc and Polish Large White breeds is characterised by good quality and because of its considerable intramuscular fat content, it has a high culinary and processing value, especially for ripening products

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis - novel approach on future treatment

IntroductionIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal pulmonary disease that leads to progressive fibrosis and extremely poor resaults.. Since the etiology is unknown, there are highly limited options of the IPF treatment. The researchers are trying to discover the most valuable targets, leading them to the agents registered in different conditions or not registered as any other treatment. This innovative approach can result in IPF being determined as not fatal. PurposeThe purpose of our review is to present possible future treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and point out the promising targets that could lead the researchers to the development of better IPF management. Materials and methodsWe have reviewed the literature from the PubMed database searching for clinical trials, meta analysis and randomized controlled trials from the past 5 years. The keywords we agreed on offered us the most informative articles and made us hope for the further development of our article. ResultsOur review shows that there are new targets that could significantly benefit IPF treatment. However, the means we presented in our review need more research to prove its safeness, effectiveness in slowing down the decline of the FVC, improving patients’ physical efficiency, their saturation level and most importantly their ability to stop the continuous fibrosis of the lungs. ConclusionsThe only treatment registered for IPF are nintedanib and pirfenidone, but the researchers continue the exploration of new possible measures to improve the survival rate and quality of life of the patients suffering from this fatal disease

The influence of the different content of protein fractions in sows’ milk in piglet rearing

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the percentage content of protein fractions in total protein of sow`s colostrums and milk and their influence on the traits related with piglet rearing. The animal specimens were 20 sows of the native Złotnicka White breed. Złotnicka pigs were subjected to the National Genetic Resources Conservation Programme. Colostrum and milk were collected between the 20th and 24th h after parturition and on the 2nd, 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st day of lactation. A total of 120 samples (60 colostrum samples and 60 milk samples) were collected from all active mammary glands. Individual fractions of total protein were separated by means of electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). The piglets’ body weights average daily gains and mortality were checked consecutively after 24 hours after parturition and on the day 7th, 14th, and 21st of lactation. 207 piglets were examined. A highly significant correlation between the number of piglets, daily growths and protein fractions was observed. The most favourable rearing results were obtained at the highest level (III) of individual fractions. The study also proved most of the piglets are lost from the litters when the level of fractions is the lowest (I).Keywords: Sows, milk, protein fractions, Złotnicka White, piglet rearin

Causes of runner’s diarrhea and dietary recommendations to avoid it - systematic review

Complaints of diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms are common among endurance runners. These problems may interfere with athletic activities and be the main cause of underperformance during sports events. It is estimated that this difficulty affects 30 to 90 percent of long-distance runners. The most important pathophysiological factors affecting the occurrence of gastrointestinal symptoms are ischemia and mechanical damage to the intestines, as well as the secretion of neuroendocrine substances. The diet before physical exercise is also one of the most significant factors related to the appearance of gastrointestinal symptoms. Avoiding the intake of fat, caffeine, protein, fiber, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and dehydration before performance is one of the suggestions for preventing runner’s diarrhea. There are new recommendations for athletes, such as avoidance of fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) and the intake of multiple transportable carbohydrates. It seems that a short-term gluten free diet has no effect on the performance of athletes but further research is needed. Mechanisms of runner’s diarrhea are still poorly understood, so more research needs to be conducted to improve the recommendations to runners.&nbsp

Causes of runner’s diarrhea and dietary recommendations to avoid it - systematic review

Complaints of diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms are common among endurance runners. These problems may interfere with athletic activities and be the main cause of underperformance during sports events. It is estimated that this difficulty affects 30 to 90 percent of long-distance runners. The most important pathophysiological factors affecting the occurrence of gastrointestinal symptoms are ischemia and mechanical damage to the intestines, as well as the secretion of neuroendocrine substances. The diet before physical exercise is also one of the most significant factors related to the appearance of gastrointestinal symptoms. Avoiding the intake of fat, caffeine, protein, fiber, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and dehydration before performance is one of the suggestions for preventing runner’s diarrhea. There are new recommendations for athletes, such as avoidance of fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) and the intake of multiple transportable carbohydrates. It seems that a short-term gluten free diet has no effect on the performance of athletes but further research is needed. Mechanisms of runner’s diarrhea are still poorly understood, so more research needs to be conducted to improve the recommendations to runners.