Homochirality through Photon-Induced Melting of RNA/DNA: the Thermodynamic Dissipation Theory of the Origin of Life

The homochirality of the molecules of life has been a vexing problem with no generally accepted solution to date. Since a racemic mixture of chiral nucleotides frustrates the extension and replication of RNA and DNA, understanding the origin of homochirality has important implications to the investigation of the origin of life. Theories on the origin of life have generally elected to presume an abiotic mechanism giving rise to a large prebiotic enantiomer enrichment. Although a number of such mechanism have been suggested, none has enjoyed sufficient plausibility or relevance to be generally accepted. Here we suggest a novel solution to the homochirality problem based on a recently proposed thermodynamic dissipation theory for the origin of life. The ultraviolet absorption and dissipation characteristics of RNA/DNA point to their origin as photoautorophs, their replication assisted by UV light and temperature, and acting as catalysts for the global water cycle. Homochirality is suggested to have been incorporated gradually into the emerging life as a result of asymmetric right- over left-handed photon-induced denaturation of RNA/DNA occurring when Archean sea surface temperatures became close to the denaturing temperatures of RNA/DNA. This differential denaturing success would have been promoted by the somewhat right-handed circularly polarized submarine light of the late afternoon when surface water temperatures are highest, and a negative circular dichroism band extending from 220 nm up to 260 nm for small segments of RNA/DNA. A numerical model is presented demonstrating the efficacy of such a mechanism in procuring 100% homochirality of RNA or DNA from an original racemic solution in less than 500 Archean years assuming a photon absorption threshold for replication representing the hydrogen bonding energy between complementary strands. Because cholesteric D-nucleic acids have greater affinity for L-amino acids due to a positive structural complementarity, and because D-RNA/DNA+L-amino acid complexes also have a negative circular dichroism band between 200 - 300 nm, the homochirality of amino acids can also be explained by the theory

Semliki Forest viiruse replikaasivalgu nsP1 uurimine

Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone.Semliki Forest viirus kuulub alfaviiruste perekonda sugukonnas Togaviridae. Alfaviirused on olulised patogeenid ning põhjustavad erinevaid vaevusi nii loomadele kui ka inimestele. Levik looduses toimub sääskede vahendusel. Lisaks tähtsusele patogeensuse tõttu on alfaviirused kasutusel ka bio- ning geenitehnoloogias. Alfaviirustel on positiivse polaarsusega RNA genoom, millelt transleeritakse viiruse replikaasi subühikud (nsP1-nsP4). Antud töö põhiline uurimisobjekt nsP1 vastutab lisaks osalemisele replikatsioonil ja transkriptsioonil replikaasi sidumise eest peremeesraku membraanidele. Antud töö tulemusena tuvastati, et nsP1 palmitüleerimine membraaniga seondumise tugevdamiseks ei ole viirusele hädavajalik. Palmitüleerimine hõlbustab kontaktide loomist nsP1 ja viiruse polümeraasi (nsP4) vahel imetaja rakkudes. Palmitüleerimise puudumisel omandab viirus sekundaarsed mutatsioonid, mis taastavad vastavate kontaktide moodustamise võimet imetajarakkudes. Samad mutatsioonid viiruse elulemust putuka rakkudes olulisel määral ei mõjuta. Leiti, et mittestruktuurse polüproteiini lõikamine nsP1 ja nsP2 vahelt on üks funktsionaalse replikaaskompleksi moodustumise kontrollpunktidest. 1/2 saidi lõikamise kiirendamine vähendab olulisel määral viiruse infektsioonilisust; lõikamise aeglustamisel on väiksem mõju. Mutatsioonanalüüs näitas, et 1/2 saidi lõikust mõjutab eelkõige üks nsP1 valgus lõpus asuv aminohappejääk (P5). Täiendav mutatsioon nsP2 kodeerivas piirkonnas (Q706R) taastas mutantse lõikesaidiga viiruse elujõulisuse ja liitvalgu korrektse lõikamise imetaja rakkudes, ent selline viirus ei suutnud edukalt paljuneda putuka rakkudes ning terviklikku interferoonvastust omavates imetaja rakkudes. Nendest tulemustes lähtuvalt pakuti välja hüpotees, mille kohaselt mutatsioonid 1/2 lõikesaidis ja nsP2 valgus põhjustavad viiruse P123 liitvalgu eluea pikenemise, mis takistab viiruse võimet blokeerida natiivse immuunvastuse teket. Uuritud mutatsioonide bioloogiliste efektide põhjalikumaks uurimiseks on tarvis läbi viia loomkatseid.Semliki Forest virus is a member of the family Togaviridae genus Alpavirus. Alphaviruses are pathogens that cause illness in animals and humans. In nature mosquitos transmit the pathogen. In addition to the importance as pathogens alphaviruses are widely used as biotechnological tools. Alphaviruses have a RNA genome with positive polarity and the replicase subunits (nsP1-nsP4) are translated directly from the genome. nsP1, the protein of investigation in the current thesis, is involved in regulating the formation of a replicase complex and attaching the complex to host cell membranes. In the current thesis it was detected that the palmitoylation of nsP1 as a mean for strengthening the interaction with membranes is not indispensable for the virus. In mammalian cells palmitoylation enables direct contacts to be formed between nsP1 and the viral polymerase. If nsP1 is not palmitoylated, the virus acquires second-site mutations that rescue the ability to form contacts between these proteins. The viability of the virus in insect cells is not much affected by same compensatory mutations. The analysis of the processing requirements between nsP1 and nsP2 in the SFV ns-polyprotein highlighted its importance as one of the major regulatory points in the assembly of a functional replication complex. The accelerated processing of this site severely diminished the infectivity of the corresponding mutant genome, while a reduction in the cleavage efficiency had only a minor effect. The processing of the 1/2 site depends mostly on the amino acid residue in the terminal region of nsP1 (P5). An additional mutation (Q706R) in the nsP2 coding region rescued the viability of the virus with the mutant cleavage site and the correct polyprotein processing. The resulting viruses failed to replicate as efficiently as in mammalian cells in both insect cells and mammalian cells with an intact IFN system. It was suggested that the prolonged stabilty of polyprotein P123 that results from the mutation in the P5 position in the 1/2 cleavage site and the Q706R mutation in the nsP2 coding region contributes to the enhanced native immune response in these cells. Detailed studies using animal models are required to provide further information about the biological implications of these findings

SISTEM INFORMASI E-COMMERCE PADA TOKO PERDANA JAYA BERBASIS WEBSITE

The quick advancement of data and correspondence innovation all throughout  the planet opens up new freedoms for financemanagers with deals reach in all areas. Perdana Jaya Store Batam is an organization that partakes in the offer of electronic gear that offers different sorts and kinds of electronic merchandise, the interaction is completed at the Perdana store. Jaya Batam is as yet ordinary, clients go to the store to arrange electronic items. This specialist intends to make a Web based business application so clients or people in general  can undoubtedly get to item data offered at the Perdana Jaya Batam store  and can request and pay for electronic items on the web.The advancement of thisframework utilizes the PHP programming language and utilizations the Cascade model SDLC (programming improvement life cycle) and MySQL as the data set. The yield of this examination is an online showcasing data framework that makes it simple for clients to arrange items and saves clients'expenses and tim

Konsep Etika Peserta Didik Menurut Burhanuddin Al-Zarnuji

Penelitian ini bertujuan (1) untuk memahami konsep etika peserta didik menurut Burhanuddin Al-Zarnuji, (2) untuk mengetahui relevansi etika peserta didik menurut Burhanuddin Al-Zarnuji dengan kondisi sosial saat ini. Adapun metode yang peneliti gunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif pendekatan content analysis (kajian isi). Jenis penelitian dalam penelitian ini adalah library research yang merupakan suatu penelitian menggunakan buku-buku sebagai sumber datanya. Pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode dokumentasi (Naskah). Berdasarkan Hasil Penelitian ini dapat diketahui bahwa: 1) Bahwa etika peserta didik menurut al-Zarnuji dalam kitab monumentalnya Ta’lim al-Muta’allim adalah, pertama etika peserta didik terhadap Tuhan, yaitu dengan mengharap wara’ dan bertawakkal. Kedua etika peserta didik terhadap orang tua, yaitu karena orang tua adalah orang pertama yang mengenalkan anak didik tentang banyak hal sebelum pendidik dan tanpa etika kepada orang tua maka ilmu yang didapatkan tidak akan berkah. Ketiga etika peserta didik terhadap pendidik, yaitu peserta didik tidak akan memperoleh ilmu dan tidak akan dapat mengambil manfaatnya, tanpa mau mengormati gurunya. Keempat etika peserta didik terhadap kitab, yaitu dengan menghargai nilai buku, memperhatikan segala ilmu dan hikmah serta mencatatnya dengan baik dan rapi. Kelima etika peserta didik terhadap dirinya, yaitu dengan memiliki sifat tawadlu’, berani, menghindari perselisihan dan menanamkan rasa kasih sayang. Keenam etika peserta didik terhadap teman, yaitu dalam memilih teman hendaknya selalu berhati-hati agar tidak terjerumus ke jalan yang sesat.Ketujuh etika peserta didik ketika belajar, yaitu menganjurkan peserta didik untuk selalu belajar, larangan mempelajari ilmu perdukunan, berniat yang baik, memilih ilmu yang baik, sabar dan tabah. 2) Adapun relevansi konsep etika peserta didik menurut Burhanuddin al-Zarnuji dengan kondisi sosial saat ini bahwa pemikiran al-Zarnuji masih sangat relevan untuk mengembalikan pendidikan pada fungsinya. Namun ada beberapa pemikiran al-Zarnuji yang tidak relevan untuk diterapkan pada saat ini yaitu etika peserta didik terhadap pendidik dalam hal berbicara. Pada pemikiran al-Zarnuji peserta didik dituntut untuk selalu menerima apa yang disampaikan olen pendidik sehingga pembelajaran hanya berpusat pada guru, namun pada saat ini yang dituntut pada peserta didik adalah memiliki sifat kritis. Kata kunci : Peserta Didik, Etika Peserta Didik , Belaja

PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF THINK PAIR SHARE TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATA PELAJARAN IPA DI KELAS VI SD NEGERI 097378 SIBOPO

This study aims to determine the effect of science learning outcomes on sixth grade students of SD N 097378 Sibopo with the Think Pair Share (TPS) learning model. This research is an experimental research using one group pretest positives design. The research sample was 22 grade VI students of SD N 097378 Sibopo. The technique of collecting data on student learning outcomes uses test techniques with instruments in the form of multiple choice tests with one correct answer. As a follow-up, the collected data was analyzed using the one sample t-test (t-test) to test the effect of student learning outcomes. ipa class VI at SD N No. 097378 Sibopo with tcount 22.51 > ttable 1.72 and is supported by the difference in the average score obtained by students from the post-test score of 76.36 and the pre-test score of 63.00

Fundamental Molecules of Life are Pigments which Arose and Evolved to Dissipate the Solar Spectrum

The driving force behind the origin and evolution of life has been the thermodynamic imperative of increasing the entropy production of the biosphere through increasing the global solar photon dissipation rate. In the upper atmosphere of today, oxygen and ozone derived from life processes are performing the short wavelength UVC and UVB dissipation. On Earth's surface, water and organic pigments in water facilitate the near UV and visible photon dissipation. The first organic pigments probably formed, absorbed, and dissipated at those photochemically active wavelengths in the UVC that could have reached Earth's surface during the Archean. Proliferation of these pigments can be understood as an autocatalytic photochemical process obeying non-equilibrium thermodynamic directives related to increasing solar photon dissipation rate. Under these directives, organic pigments would have evolved over time to increase the global photon dissipation rate by; 1) increasing the ratio of their effective photon cross sections to their physical size, 2) decreasing their electronic excited state life times, 3) quenching non-radiative de-excitation channels (e.g. fluorescence), 4) covering ever more completely the solar spectrum, and 5) dispersing into an ever greater surface area of Earth. From knowledge of the evolution of the spectrum of G-type stars, and considering the most probable history of the transparency of Earths atmosphere, we construct the most probable surface solar spectrum as a function of time and compare this with the history of molecular absorption maxima obtained from the available data in the literature. This comparison supports the thermodynamic dissipation theory for the origin of life, constrains models for Earth's early atmosphere, and sheds some new light on the origin of photosynthesis.Comment: 43 pages, 3 figure

Product Platform as a Concept to Increase Production Competitiveness

Dalam era pasar global yang dinamis dengan tingkat persaingan tinggi, perkembangan suatu produk dan proses produksi menjadi perhatian utama bagi perusahaan. Beberapa hambatan yang muncul adalah daur hidup produk yang makin singkat, meningkatnya persaingan internasional, perubahan teknologi dan keanekaragaman pilihan konsumen yang mendorong percepatan proses pengembangan dari suatu produk baru. Untuk dapat mengelola tingkat kompleksitas keragaman produk yang dimiliki perusahaan untuk ditawarkan kepada pasar, beberapa industri mengaplikasikan konsep Platfomn. Sementara untuk dapat meningkatkan keunggulan daya saing produksi, pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pengembangan produk dengan tingkat kompleksitas rendah dan memiliki tingkat investasi minimal dalam hal perancangan, produksi dan pemasaran. Konsep Platform produk mengidentifikasi dan menjabarkan persamaan proses/perlakuan terhadap produk, pasar target, proses pengembangan dan pengiriman oleh perusahaan pada tingkat harga yang efisien. Konsep Platform yang dibahas adalah stardarisasi komponen, platform produk, platform proses, platform pengetahuan, manusia dan hubungan antar platform tampaknya menjadi strategi yang berhasil untuk menciptakan berbagai biaya rendah. Dinamika kekuatan pasar yang mendorong perusahaan untuk mengembangkan produk-produk desainer dengan menciptakan modul standar sebanyak mungkin dari seluruh produk yang dimiliki. Diharapkan dengan menerapkan metode modul standar tersebut membuat perusahaan dapat lebih tangguh bersaing dibandingkan hanya memiliki suatu desain utuh dalam era globalisasi.Keywords: Product Platform, Production Competitiveness, Modularity Metho