Reduction of Sunburn Damage to Skin by Topical Application of Vitamin E Acetate Following Exposure to Ultraviolet B Radiation: Effect of Delaying Application or of Reducing Concentration of Vitamin E Acetate Applied

The skin of the skh-1 mouse after ultraviolet B (280-320 nm, UVB) irradiation shows the pathological changes typical of sunburn damage: spongiosis (edematous spaces) around some cells, necrosis of keratinocytes, giving rise to sunburn cells, inflammatory infiltration ofpolymorphonuclear leucocytes, etc. In our previous study, these were accompanied by erythema, increased skin sensitivity, and edematous swelling. The topical application of tocopherol acetate (TA) immediately after the UVB exposure decreased these changes. In this paper, multiple measurements of the skin thickness were made at different locations along the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) cross-sectional image of the skin. This permits effects to be quantified with (if desired) the contralateral half of the back serving as an internal control, either exposed (positive control) or unexposed (negative control). Topical application of TA resulted in an increase in the concentration of free tocopherol in the skin. No qualitative differences in ultrastructural appearance of the DVB-irradiated, TA-treated skin could be discerned by careful examination. In vivo high resolution video microscopy of blood flow in venules of the irradiated mouse ear revealed a large (tenfold) but not statistically significant decrease in stationary lymphocytes adhering to the venule walls. The delaying of the application of TA up to 8 hours after the termination of UVB irradiation still offered statistically significant protection as did immediate application of 5% TA in diluent Myritol 318 (Delios S, Henkel)

Промышленная кооперация стран-членов ЕАЭС в перспективе цифровой экономики

Purpose: this paper is based on the research aimed at the assessment of capacity for industrial cooperation of countries of Eurasian Economic Union and consideration of the opportunities for industrial cooperation related to the technologies of the digital economy.Methods: the article is developed in accordance with the system approach, the system of general theoretical and economic methods: methods of positive and normative analysis, statistical methods of data processing and graphical presentation of information.Results: assessment of level and the capacity for cooperation in the industry of the EEU is presented. The role of the digital economy in industrial production is defined. The directions of strengthening the cooperation ties between the industrial enterprises of the EEA member countries using the capabilities of the digital economy are identified, as well as those factors that need to be taken into account when stimulating the relevant organizational and managerial innovations. It allows to develop the industrial policy measures within the framework of the EEA.Conclusions and Relevance: achievement of the goals of the EEA in the field of the industry is seen in the formation of a new paradigm of competition and cooperation of enterprises by deepening industrial cooperation through the introduction of the digital economy technologies. This provides a unique chance for overcoming the gap in the efficiency of industrial enterprises of the EEA member countries and enterprises of the leading countries emerged in the last quarter of a century based on competitive cooperation (coopetition). The results indicate that the EEA member countries have reached the depth of the division of labor in industry, which is expressed by a significant share of the exchange of intermediate goods, but the trend of further deepening of cooperation is not observed. Although by now the technologies of the digital economy have mostly found their application in electronic commerce and finance, the article identifies those that can and should become the foundation for innovations allowing to integrate elements of competition and cooperation of enterprises in the real sector of the economy.Цель: Исследование, представленное в данной статье, направлено на оценку потенциала промышленной кооперации в ЕАЭС и рассмотрение возможностей, которые открывают для нее технологии цифровой экономики.Методология проведения работы: Статья подготовлена с использованием системного подхода, совокупности общетеоретических и экономических методов: методов позитивного и нормативного анализа, статистических методов обработки данных и графических методов представления информации.Результаты работы: Представлена оценка уровня и потенциала для кооперации в промышленности ЕАЭС. Определена роль цифровой экономики в развитии промышленного производства. Выявлены направления укрепления кооперационных связей между промышленными предприятиями в ЕАЭС с использованием возможностей цифровой экономики и существенные факторы для стимулирования необходимых организационно-управленческих инноваций.Результаты исследования предназначены для обоснования инструментов промышленной политики в рамках ЕАЭС.Выводы: Достижение целей ЕАЭС в области промышленности видится в формировании новой парадигмы конкуренции и сотрудничества предприятий путем углубления промышленной кооперации и внедрения технологий цифровой экономики. Это дает уникальный шанс для преодоления, накопившегося в последние четверть века отставания в эффективности промышленного производства предприятий стран-членов ЕАЭС от уровня предприятий стран-лидеров путем конкурентного сотрудничества (coopetition).Результаты анализа показывают, что страны-члены ЕАЭС достигли глубины разделения труда в промышленности, выражающегося в значительной доле обмена промежуточными товарами, но тенденция дальнейшего углубления кооперации не наблюдается. Хотя к настоящему времени технологии цифровой экономики нашли свое применения преимущественно в электронной коммерции и финансах, в статье выделены те из них, которые могут и должны стать основой инноваций, позволяющих интегрировать элементы конкуренции и сотрудничества предприятий реального сектора экономики

МОДИФИЦИРОВАННЫЙ НАВИГАТОР ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОГО КАПИТАЛА ДЛЯ ПРИНЯТИЯ РЕШЕНИЙ В ИНФОРМАЦИОННО-СЕТЕВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКЕ

Purpose: the study presented in this article is aimed at improving the methodological tools for assessing intellectual capital, taking into account changes caused by the emerging of the information and network economy and deepening of digitalization.Methods: the article is prepared using a system thinking, a set of general theoretical and economic methods, structural-logical modeling and graphical methods for presention of information.Results: a structural and logical model of the navigator of intellectual capital is developed to take into account the complete set of resources of the enterprise operating in the information and network economy, including resources related to network interaction and the application of new production and management technologies. The shortcomings of the limitation of the existing model of the intellectual capital navigator have been identified and the approaches for their elimination have been substantiated. A new design of the structural and logical model has been developed to match the intellectual capital navigator with the accounting model of the corporate balance sheet. The content, hierarchy and interrelationships of the tangible and intangible resources are refined. The augmented model of the intellectual capital navigator incorporates know-how concept consisting of the production and organizational-management know-how, as well as it includes the concepts of "brand" and "business model" in accordance with the principle of emergence of a system thinking to meet the challenge of complexity.Conclusions and relevance: the intellectual capital navigator is a promising methodological tool for the comprehensive accounting of the corporate tangible and intangible resources and presenting of information for management decision-making in order to overcome the limitations of the traditional accounting model. These limitations became especially significant with the emerging of the information and network economy and the deepening of digitalization. At the same time, the initial structural and logical model of the intellectual capital navigator has some shortcomings that do not allow to apply in full extent to decision-making. The modified intellectual capital navigator eliminates the most significant shortcomings associated with the non-conformity of the model to accounting principles, its internal contradictions that hamper the consistent accounting of the parts of intellectual property, and develops a structural and logical model for better accounting of intangible resources associated with the interaction of entities in the information and network economy. Цель: Исследование, представленное в данной статье, направлено на совершенствование методического инструментария оценки интеллектуального капитала для применения в условиях цифровизации и развития информационно-сетевой экономики.Методология проведения работы: Статья подготовлена с использованием системного подхода, совокупности общетеоретических методов, структурно-логического моделирования, логической и эмпирической проверки концепций, графических методов представления информации.Результаты работы: Развита структурно-логическая модель навигатора интеллектуального капитала для учета всей совокупности ресурсов предприятия в условиях информационно-сетевой экономики, включая ресурсы, связанные с сетевым взаимодействием и применением новых производственных и управленческих технологий. Выявлены недостатки и ограничения существующей модели навигатора интеллектуального капитала и предложены решения по их устранению. В структурно-логическую модель введен новый контур, приводящий ее в соответствие с учетом ресурсов предприятия в бухгалтерском балансе. Уточнены содержание, иерархия и взаимосвязь составляющих материальных и нематериальных ресурсов. В модифицированную модель навигатора введена составляющая ноу-хау, дифференцированная на производственные и организационно-управленческие технологии, а также введены категории «бренд» и «бизнес-модель», реализующие принцип эмерджентности системного подхода.Выводы: Навигатор интеллектуального капитала является перспективным методическим инструментом комплексного учета материальных и нематериальных ресурсов предприятия и презентации информации для обоснования управленческих решений, преодолевающим ограничения традиционной бухгалтерской модели. Эти ограничения стали особенно существенными в условиях становления информационно-сетевой экономики и углубления цифровизации. Вместе с тем, исходная структурно-логическая модель навигатора интеллектуального капитала обладает рядом недостатков, не позволяющих в полной мере использовать ее для обоснования управленческих решений. Модифицированный навигатор приводит оценку интеллектуального капитала в соответствие с принципами бухгалтерского учета, устраняет внутренние противоречия, препятствующие последовательному учету интеллектуальной собственности в исходном навигаторе, а также развивает структурно-логическую модель для более полного учета нематериальных ресурсов, связанных с функционированием информационно-сетевой экономики

DAAM is required for thin filament formation and Sarcomerogenesis during muscle development in Drosophila.

During muscle development, myosin and actin containing filaments assemble into the highly organized sarcomeric structure critical for muscle function. Although sarcomerogenesis clearly involves the de novo formation of actin filaments, this process remained poorly understood. Here we show that mouse and Drosophila members of the DAAM formin family are sarcomere-associated actin assembly factors enriched at the Z-disc and M-band. Analysis of dDAAM mutants revealed a pivotal role in myofibrillogenesis of larval somatic muscles, indirect flight muscles and the heart. We found that loss of dDAAM function results in multiple defects in sarcomere development including thin and thick filament disorganization, Z-disc and M-band formation, and a near complete absence of the myofibrillar lattice. Collectively, our data suggest that dDAAM is required for the initial assembly of thin filaments, and subsequently it promotes filament elongation by assembling short actin polymers that anneal to the pointed end of the growing filaments, and by antagonizing the capping protein Tropomodulin

Systematic Review of Potential Health Risks Posed by Pharmaceutical, Occupational and Consumer Exposures to Metallic and Nanoscale Aluminum, Aluminum Oxides, Aluminum Hydroxide and Its Soluble Salts

Aluminum (Al) is a ubiquitous substance encountered both naturally (as the third most abundant element) and intentionally (used in water, foods, pharmaceuticals, and vaccines); it is also present in ambient and occupational airborne particulates. Existing data underscore the importance of Al physical and chemical forms in relation to its uptake, accumulation, and systemic bioavailability. The present review represents a systematic examination of the peer-reviewed literature on the adverse health effects of Al materials published since a previous critical evaluation compiled by Krewski et al. (2007). Challenges encountered in carrying out the present review reflected the experimental use of different physical and chemical Al forms, different routes of administration, and different target organs in relation to the magnitude, frequency, and duration of exposure. Wide variations in diet can result in Al intakes that are often higher than the World Health Organization provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), which is based on studies with Al citrate. Comparing daily dietary Al exposures on the basis of “total Al”assumes that gastrointestinal bioavailability for all dietary Al forms is equivalent to that for Al citrate, an approach that requires validation. Current occupational exposure limits (OELs) for identical Al substances vary as much as 15-fold. The toxicity of different Al forms depends in large measure on their physical behavior and relative solubility in water. The toxicity of soluble Al forms depends upon the delivered dose of Al+ 3 to target tissues. Trivalent Al reacts with water to produce bidentate superoxide coordination spheres [Al(O2)(H2O4)+ 2 and Al(H2O)6 + 3] that after complexation with O2•−, generate Al superoxides [Al(O2•)](H2O5)]+ 2. Semireduced AlO2• radicals deplete mitochondrial Fe and promote generation of H2O2, O2 • − and OH•. Thus, it is the Al+ 3-induced formation of oxygen radicals that accounts for the oxidative damage that leads to intrinsic apoptosis. In contrast, the toxicity of the insoluble Al oxides depends primarily on their behavior as particulates. Aluminum has been held responsible for human morbidity and mortality, but there is no consistent and convincing evidence to associate the Al found in food and drinking water at the doses and chemical forms presently consumed by people living in North America and Western Europe with increased risk for Alzheimer\u27s disease (AD). Neither is there clear evidence to show use of Al-containing underarm antiperspirants or cosmetics increases the risk of AD or breast cancer. Metallic Al, its oxides, and common Al salts have not been shown to be either genotoxic or carcinogenic. Aluminum exposures during neonatal and pediatric parenteral nutrition (PN) can impair bone mineralization and delay neurological development. Adverse effects to vaccines with Al adjuvants have occurred; however, recent controlled trials found that the immunologic response to certain vaccines with Al adjuvants was no greater, and in some cases less than, that after identical vaccination without Al adjuvants. The scientific literature on the adverse health effects of Al is extensive. Health risk assessments for Al must take into account individual co-factors (e.g., age, renal function, diet, gastric pH). Conclusions from the current review point to the need for refinement of the PTWI, reduction of Al contamination in PN solutions, justification for routine addition of Al to vaccines, and harmonization of OELs for Al substances

Aluminum toxicity in childhood

Aluminum intoxication is an iatrogenic disease caused by the use of aluminum compounds for phosphate binding and by the contamination of parenteral fluids. Although organ aluminum deposition was noted as early as 1880 and toxicity was documented in the 1960s, the inability to accurately measure serum and tissue aluminum prevented delineation of its toxic effects until the 1970s. Aluminum toxicity has now been conclusively shown to cause encephalopathy, metabolic bone disease, and microcytic anemia.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/47831/1/467_2004_Article_BF00869743.pd