Scrambled and Unscrambled Turbulence

The linked fluid dynamics videos depict Rayleigh-Taylor turbulence when driven by a complex acceleration profile involving two stages of acceleration interspersed with a stage of stabilizing deceleration. Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability occurs at the interface separating two fluids of different densities, when the lighter fluid is accelerated in to the heavier fluid. The turbulent mixing arising from the development of the miscible RT instability is of key importance in the design of Inertial Confinement Fusion capsules, and to the understanding of astrophysical events, such as Type Ia supernovae. By driving this flow with an accel-decel-accel profile, we have investigated how structures in RT turbulence are affected by a sudden change in the direction of the acceleration first from destabilizing acceleration to deceleration, and followed by a restoration of the unstable acceleration. By studying turbulence under such highly non-equilibrium conditions, we hope to develop an understanding of the response and recovery of self-similar turbulence to sudden changes in the driving acceleration.Comment: 3 pages article, Two videos are include

Fabrication, Electrical Characterization, and Annealing of Al/, Cu/, and Au/4H-SiC Schottky Diodes

Schottky diodes were fabricated on n-type 4H-SiC with Nickel ohmic contacts and Aluminum, Copper, and Gold Schottky contacts. An improved and revised fabrication process was developed in the course of this research project. The Schottky diodes were electrically characterized using I-V and C-V measurements to extract electrical parameters which include Schottky barrier height, ideality factor, the diode series resistance, and substrate doping density. Al/4H-SiC and Au/4H-SiC were annealed at 600¼C and 500¼C respectively to improve the Schottky parameters. Schottky barrier height was raised and the ideality factor was reduced in both cases. Significant improvement was observed in the ideality factor of Al/4H-SiC diodes. XPS was performed on Al/4H-SiC samples to investigate the effects of annealing at the Aluminum-SiC interface. Analysis of the XPS results showed traces of Aluminum-Silicon bonding at the interface. The change in the Schottky parameters is attributed to this phenomenon. The electrical characterization of Au/4H-SiC showed that the devices had a very low ideality factor of 1.1 and represented some of the best results obtained in our research lab. The thesis establishes the effect of annealing on Schottky diodes and presents some of the very few surface analysis results performed on Al/4H-SiC

Agent based modeling and simulation to analyze and measure the Cooperative-Intelligent Transport Systems KPIs

Cooperative-Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) aims to facilitate cooperative, connected and automated mobility. C-ITS is currently demonstrated by projects such as C-MobILE, which is a large-scale demonstration project spanning from 2017-2020 that is currently advancing C-ITS by aiming for a fully safe and efficient road transport without casualties and serious injuries on European roads. To support this, Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are used to evaluate and assess the impact gained by C-ITS developments. Out of many KPIs set out in the project context, we focus mainly on improvement of traffic efficiency, safety, and sustainability. We picked an unsignalized intersection, Neckerspoel Eindhoven, where cyclists and buses share a common space, which compromises on safety and efficiency. Assessing the KPIs is challenging, because of the limited infrastructure (no camera, no traffic lights), no empirical data and unpredictable behavior of road users such as cyclists and bus drivers. We adopted an agent-based modelling and simulation (ABMS) technique, which is an efficient method to simulate real-life situations and has lower cost compared to empirical and field experiments. Since Neckerspoel junction lacks traffic control infrastructure, we have modelled the intersection including various Intelligent Transport System (ITS) agents: roadside units, cameras, on-board units. This model allows us to measure the impact on cyclists and bus driver behaviors, and comparing the KPIs of different scenarios. In particular, we have studied the intersection with and without ITS agents. The results of the simulation served as a recommendation for the Municipality of Eindhoven to improve the situation at Neckerspoel junction.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Development and Characterization of hybrid thermoplastic composites

This work is aimed at studying the possibility of using interply hybrid woven thermoplastic semi-pregs in secondary structures in aircrafts at TenCate Advanced Composites, Netherlands and Purdue University. Three different interply hybrids were designed from combination of Cetex © carbon-PPS semi-preg, Owen corning’s woven glass with PPS sheets and discontinuous chopped Cetex © carbon-PPS semi-preg to get desired flexural, out of plane and bearing properties. The design calculations are done based on classical laminate theory and the selection of materials to be used with carbon-PPS was done based on cost and availability. The Hybrid laminate performances are analyzed and compared to the conventional Cetex © Carbon-PPS semi-preg laminates. Observations are reported on three point bend test (European standard 2562), four point bend test(ASTM D6415-99) and bearing test (Airbus standards AITM 1-0009) for the laminates and it was found that hybrid laminates show a reduction of 5-10% in bending stiffness, 20-40% reduction in out-of-plane strength and 2-5%reduction in bearing with a cost reduction of 20-30%. The research identifies and documents the different factors responsible for failures and reduction in strength in the Hybrids

Software Patents & Functional Claiming

On Feb 12, 2013, the PTO held a roundtable about software patents at Stanford. Software patents have received a lot of attention and we don\u27t believe it is undue: software patents are behind a disproportionate share of patent litigations -- more specifically, over half (55%) of all patent defendants and 82% of PAE ( patent troll ) defendants are there because of a software patent, applying the Graham-Vishnubhakat definition to data provided by RPX Corporation. In this presentation, we more rigorously apply 35 USC 112(f) in accordance with the proposal Mark Lemley outlines in his WIRED oped Let\u27s Go Back to Claiming the Problem Not the Solution to 30 patents - 10 PAE and 20 control patents, provided by Patent Freedom. We find that 1) PAE patents are overwhelmingly functionally claimed (100%), but non-PAE patents are also functionally claimed (50%), 2) 40% of the PAE patents were only supported by the highest levels of abstraction but 60% had much greater discslosure, but that 3) not all code is created equal - low-level code over generic elements does not provide meaningful. We provide 5 examples to support these findings, and discuss their implications

A Descriptive account of Bibliographic Data Base on HP 21 MX Computer System at IPAG

The details of the input procedure, .formulation of the s8arch profile and parameters for retrieval are given. AdvantagF9 of the system are, also, mentioned. Specimen copies of Input worksheet various data base reports (Computer outputs), Proforma for search request and Retrieval reports are enclosed as Appendix

Behavioral Economic Demand: Investigation of Sex Differences in Four Core Genotype Model of Oral Oxycodone Self-administration

Opioid misuse has been identified to be related to problematic release of dopamine in the brain that is otherwise satiated by other alternative rewards. As mediated by patterns of positive and negative reinforcement, prolonged opioid use may transition into misuse and development of opioid use disorder. In human populations, men and women differ in their acquisition of drug use and escalation to drug misuse. Women quickly surpass their male counterparts in their transition from use to misuse in what is coined the telescoping effect. In this four core genotype model of oral oxycodone self administration, males were hypothesized to consume more total oxycodone in comparison to females during acquisition of drug behavior. Additionally, XX mice, regardless of gonadal sex, were hypothesized to be less sensitive to price increases as summarized in demand value alpha, as compared to XY mice. Subject consumption and price were used to create demand curves and parameters using the package in R. Average consumption in price were differentiated for every combination of sex, chromosome, complement, and gonadal sex as represented in the mouse model. This allows the generation of four averaged demand curves to reflect alpha value. There were no observable signifivcant differences in total consumption. Largely no main effect differences were observed to be due to gonadal sex or sex chromosome complement in reference to total oxycodone consumption. When observing mean values of alpha, there is no main effect significance between male and female subjects. However, there is a difference between XX and XY females where there is a two-fold increase in XX females (sig 0.053). Within the limitations of the timeline of this present model, further research would need to be conducted to preserve the findings of atypical female consumptions at beginning stages of problematic use

Learning curve of laparoscopic hysterectomy in a zonal hospital setting: a retrospective analysis of 102 cases operated by a single surgeon

Background: The aim of this study was to analyse the learning curve and clinical efficacy of the art of laparoscopic hysterectomy in a zonal hospital setting.Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 102 women who underwent laparoscopic hysterectomy (LAVH/ TLH) by a single surgeon after post-graduation for benign uterine pathology in a zonal hospital setting. They were divided into two groups of first 50 cases (Group I) and next 52 cases (Group II). The primary outcome was the learning curve of the operating gynaecologist in terms of reduction in duration of surgery, reduced perioperative complications, increasing percentage of TLHs with time.Results: 102 women underwent laparoscopic hysterectomy for the benign uterine pathology successfully. Surgical outcomes of laparoscopic hysterectomy in terms of mean operative time was 135 mins (Group I) vs 93 mins (Group II), estimated blood loss 255 ml (Group I) vs 140 ml (Group II), hospital stay 05 days (Group I) vs 03 days (Group II), duration of postoperative analgesia 07 days (Group I) vs 05 days (Group II). As the surgical experience increased, patients with bigger uterine size (>10-week size) were taken up for hysterectomy, percentage of TLH increased in Group II as compared to Group I (42.31% vs 18%), with decreasing complications and shorter recovery time.Conclusions: Laparoscopic hysterectomy (LAVH/ TLH) has a short learning curve and it's a feasible and beneficial surgical modality for treating benign uterine pathology even in a zonal hospital setting (low resource setting)

Giraffe: Adventures in Expanding Context Lengths in LLMs

Modern large language models (LLMs) that rely on attention mechanisms are typically trained with fixed context lengths which enforce upper limits on the length of input sequences that they can handle at evaluation time. To use these models on sequences longer than the train-time context length, one might employ techniques from the growing family of context length extrapolation methods -- most of which focus on modifying the system of positional encodings used in the attention mechanism to indicate where tokens or activations are located in the input sequence. We conduct a wide survey of existing methods of context length extrapolation on a base LLaMA or LLaMA 2 model, and introduce some of our own design as well -- in particular, a new truncation strategy for modifying the basis for the position encoding. We test these methods using three new evaluation tasks (FreeFormQA, AlteredNumericQA, and LongChat-Lines) as well as perplexity, which we find to be less fine-grained as a measure of long context performance of LLMs. We release the three tasks publicly as datasets on HuggingFace. We discover that linear scaling is the best method for extending context length, and show that further gains can be achieved by using longer scales at evaluation time. We also discover promising extrapolation capabilities in the truncated basis. To support further research in this area, we release three new 13B parameter long-context models which we call Giraffe: 4k and 16k context models trained from base LLaMA-13B, and a 32k context model trained from base LLaMA2-13B. We also release the code to replicate our results