Factors that affect self-build housing in Nairobi, Kenya

発展途上国における急速な人口増加は、農村から都市への移住人口の増加や高い人口増加率に起因する。途上国の経済は過去10年間下落傾向を経験している。例えば、ケニヤの経済は1992から97まで負の成長をたどり、以降は年間1％未満の経済成長率に留まっている。農村から都市への人口移住と下降経済の連動は、公的住宅開発における投資が根本的に失敗であったことを意味する。住宅開発に関する財政的支援を引き出すという公共セクターの無力さを認め、政府の政策は住宅の生産において、直接的な住宅供給からより効果的な民間セクターに対する「助成」へと徐々に展開させてきた。一方、急速な人口増加はスラムや不法占拠住宅の開発へと導く、利用可能な都市住宅をはるかに凌駕していた。現在、ナイロビ市内300万戸の住宅の内、約60％はスラム又は不法占拠住宅として分類される。 ...Thesis (Ph. D. in Policy and Planning Sciences)--University of Tsukuba, (A), no. 3677, 2005.3.25Includes bibliographical reference

Performance of Internet Marketing As A Marketing Strategy For Private Colleges In Mombasa County

The research examined the performance of internet marketing as marketing strategies in private colleges in Mombasa. Initially accessing the internet was the biggest challenge but this challenge has since been eliminated, since the penetration of hand held devices that can access the internet has really improved. If the online products can be tailor made to appeal to specific target segment then there is untapped potential in internet marketing, this is because the value propositions of products and services offered in the physical world are essentially limited “point solutions” that meet only part of a consumer’s need or want while in the internet world the target market can be met on a one to one basis at a lower cost. Despite the increased literacy level in the country, reducing cost of internet services, and the penetration of handheld devices that can access internet, there has been low adoption of internet marketing by Private Colleges in Mombasa. It is against this background that the researcher aimed at assessing the performance of internet as a marketing strategy in Private Colleges in Mombasa County.The researcher aimed at exploring the performance of internet marketing as a marketing strategy in Private Colleges in Mombasa County. Descriptive research design was used. The data collection was undertaken through the use of questionnaires and interviews. Samples from the targeted institutions were picked to extract a representative data. In total four Private Colleges were surveyed to ascertain the performance of internet marketing as a marketing strategy in private colleges in Mombasa County. The data collected by the researcher was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences; this software was able to compute the frequencies and regression analysis required by the researcher. At the initial stage data was captured using excel then later exported to SPSS for analysis. This data was presented using tables and graphs. It is expected that several factors are likely to be found to influence performance of internet marketing in the aforementioned institutions of higher learning. The factors included connectivity to the internet, demographic issues such as education level, attitude towards internet by the stakeholders, cost of implementing such systems and resistance by institutions and user to change from conventional media to internet plat forms and government policies. Keywords: Marketing strategy, Internet marketing performance, competitiveness

Financial Statements Manipulations Using Beneish Model and Probit Regression Model. A Case of Banking Sector in Kenya

The main objective of the study was to establish whether the banks in Kenya were involved in financial statement manipulations. The study involved all the banks registered and operating in Kenya and whose financial statements are published for public consumption. Beneish five-variable model was first used to categorize the banks as likely non-manipulators and likely manipulators. The probit regression model was used to determine non-manipulators and manipulators based on the averages derived from non-manipulators using Beneish five-variable model. The results obtained showed that 78.8% of all banks were not involved in financial statement manipulations while 21.2% were involved in financial statement manipulations. The study concluded that some banks that were involved in financial statement manipulations. The study recommended that both internal and control auditors should compute individual indices to determine whether the preparers of financial statements were involved in manipulations. Further it was recommended that the organizations should enhance and strengthen the ICS to seal the loopholes utilized in financial statement manipulations

Predictability of GARCH-Type Models in Estimating Stock Returns Volatility. Evidence from Kenya

Purpose: The aim of this paper was to  evaluate which of the seven GARCH-type models, namely sGARCH, IGARCH, EGARCH, TGARCH, GJRGARCH, APARCH, and CGARCH, was suitable for predicting the Nairobi Securities Exchange-listed firms' volatility.   Theoritical framework: The Efficient Market Hypothesis is crucial in predicting market value of stocks. Therefore, this study employed the efficient market hypothesis to the the predictability of the stocks returns volatility.   Design/Methodology/Approach: In  this study, we used census approach to collect data from 49 Nairobi Securities Exchange listed firms. The data was collected from 1st January 2011 to 31st December 2020. TO evaluate the volatility, we used the GARCH-type models.   Findings: The study found that the APARCH model as the best suitable for forecasting the volatility of Nairobi Securities Exchange-listed firms.   Research, Practical & Social implications: We propose the the APARCH model as the best suitable model for predicting volatility of stock returns. The findings can be used by investors in making judicious financial decisions. For acedmic purpose, the findings are essential in supporting new knowledge of which model is best fit in predicting the NSE stocks returns volatility.   Original/ Value: The study contributes to the literature on the best suitable model in predicting the volatility of the stocks returns

Export Market Linkage via Gentleman's Agreement: Evidence from French Bean Marketing in Kenya

"Gentleman's agreements" involving handshakes or promissory market access possibilities through brokers and middlemen have enabled most small farmers in Kenya to export an extensive array of fruits and vegetables. However, despite rapid expansion into these forms of market linkages, there has been a dearth of empirical information regarding the factors that such marketers consider when linking small farmers to the market. This paper uses data from a 2001 French bean farmers survey conducted in Mwea Tebere Central Kenya to evaluate household and infrastructural factors determining informal linkages for French bean marketing. Logit estimates show that irrigation equipment is a prerequisite for linkage, farm localities further from central crop collection centres and close proximity of farms to source of irrigation waters, and poor accessibility of large farms preferred by brokers in linking small farmers. The results lend credence to the importance of brokers and middlemen as an emerging institution in linking small farmers to export markets in rural regions that have poor infrastructures e.g. roads.verbal agreement, logit, French beans exports, small farmers, linkage, brokers and middlemen, International Relations/Trade,

Financial Statements Manipulations Using Beneish Model and Probit Regression Model. A Case of Banking Sector in Kenya

The main objective of the study was to establish whether the banks in Kenya were involved in financial statement manipulations. The study involved all the banks registered and operating in Kenya and whose financial statements are published for public consumption. Beneish five-variable model was first used to categorize the banks as likely non-manipulators and likely manipulators. The probit regression model was used to determine non-manipulators and manipulators based on the averages derived from non-manipulators using Beneish five-variable model. The results obtained showed that 78.8% of all banks were not involved in financial statement manipulations while 21.2% were involved in financial statement manipulations. The study concluded that some banks that were involved in financial statement manipulations. The study recommended that both internal and control auditors should compute individual indices to determine whether the preparers of financial statements were involved in manipulations. Further it was recommended that the organizations should enhance and strengthen the ICS to seal the loopholes utilized in financial statement manipulations

Income Diversification and Intermediation Efficiency: Evidence from Deposit Taking Sacco Societies in Kenya

Research on the relationship between diversification into nontraditional income streams and firm efficiency is scanty. The study seeks to fill the gap by evaluating the relationship between diversification into non interest income and intermediation efficiency of Deposit Taking Sacco Societies (DTSs) in Kenya using a two staged methodology. In the first stage, efficiency scores are generated using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), corrected for bias using bootstrapping and used as dependent variable in the fixed effect regression model estimated in the second stage. A balanced panel data of 103 DTSs for a period 2011-2014 was used in the study. The results showed that there exists an inverse relationship between the ratio of noninterest income to total assets and intermediation efficiency. This implied that diversification hurts efficiency. Keywords: Data Envelopment Analysis, Deposit Taking Sacco, Diversification, Intermediation Efficiency, Noninterest income

Influence of Teacher-Student Relationships on Students’ Loneliness in Coeducational and Single-Gender Public Secondary Schools in Kenya: a case of Murang’a County

The objective of this study was to establish the influence of teacher-student relationship on loneliness among secondary school students. The study was carried out in sub county public schools in Murang’a County, central region of Kenya. A cross sectional survey design was used. Stratified random sampling was used to get a sample of 592 participants from eight sub counties in Murang’a County. Loneliness was measured using Perth aloneness loneliness scale (PALs) while teacher-student relationship (TSR) was measured using ten statements with graded responses in a five point Likert scale developed for this study. The PAL and TSR scales together with personal data questions formed sections of self administered questionnaire. Administration of the questionnaire was done during normal school days by research assistants. The data was coded and analyzed using statistic program for social sciences (SPSS) version 20. Findings were that TSR was inversely and highly significantly related to loneliness. Regression analysis revealed that TSR predicts 16.2% of loneliness among students. The results are discussed in relation to implications in teacher training curriculum and loneliness counseling in schools. Key words: Teacher, Students,  Relationships, Loneliness. .Keny

Climate Finance: Fears and Hopes for Developing Countries

This article looks at the current climate finance architecture and its impact on developing countries climate change responses. The primary aim is to capture the contradictions that exist in the climate finance architecture particularly between those recommended by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and those advanced by developed countries otherwise known as non-UNFCCC climate financing mechanisms. The overall observation is that once non-UNFCCC climate financing mechanisms emerged and the more they were justified using the UNFCCC, the global response to the climate change problem was fatally wounded through a procedural derailment of UNFCCC objectives. This article calls for a review of non-UNFCCC with the aim of divesting them of the profit factor which in this case is the problematic. Keywords: Climate, Finance, Mechanisms, Governance, Privatization, Stalemate

A Pragmatic Approach Towards the Manufacture of Wet-White Leathers Using a Bio-Polymeric Tanning System

Content: Different tanning materials endow leather with varying colors observable in undyed leathers. Periodateoxidized starch tanned leathers have a yellow tinge or light brown color and get darker with age. The color change in situ is ascribable to iodate ions that are byproducts of periodate oxidation. Iodate ions undergo reduction to form iodine molecules that are yellow or brown in low or at higher concentrations. This study focuses on the removal of iodate ions from Dialdehyde Tapioca Starch (DTS) using a simple precipitation method. Preparation of DTS is by periodate oxidation and precipitation of iodate ions using an inorganic precipitant. The experiments for manufacturing wet-white leathers used pickled goatskins and DTS (unmodified and modified) tanning agents at various percentages based on pelt weight. Glutaraldehyde (GTA) tanning was the control. The percentage removal of iodate ions in modified DTS was 98%. Both unmodified and modified DTS had an aldehyde content of 70%. FT-IR and 1H-NMR confirmed the aldehyde groups. GTA, unmodified, and modified DTS tanned leathers had shrinkage temperatures of 80, 87, and 89°C, respectively. The physico-mechanical properties of the control and experimental leathers are comparable. GTA tanned leather had the typical brown color associated with GTA tannages. The ‘b’ color value of unmodified DTS tanned leather was high confirming yellowing of leathers upon ageing. Wet-white leather tanned with modified DTS had no discernible color change. Analysis of the spent tan liquor shows a reduction in the BOD, COD, TS, and TDS load when compared to GTA tanning system evincing the biodegradability of DTS. This study has overcome the drawback associated with periodate-oxidized starch tanning agents, viz. leather darkening over time, considering the chemical and physico-mechanical properties of the resultant leathers. The novel iodate free DTS can be scaled-up for commercial availability. Take-Away: Removal of iodate ions from periodate-oxidized starch before its use as a tanning agent is imperative to avoid leather color change over time. This study reports the successful removal of iodate ions from Dialdehyde Tapioca Starch (DTS). Wet-white leather tanned with the modified DTS had no observable color change upon ageing