Virtual power plant control concepts with electric vehicles

Three approaches for grid integration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) through a Virtual Power Plant (VPP) concept are introduced. A classification of these different ways for realizing a VPP based on the control structure, resource type, and the aggregation approach is discussed. This is followed by a description of the three VPP approaches, which are referred to as direct, hierarchical, and distributed control approaches. For each of the three approaches, the necessary operational steps are discussed and the differences are highlighted. Finally, a case study is presented to demonstrate EV integration through a VPP concept

Virtual power plant control concepts with electric vehicles

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Self-attenuation in the low-energy range: an experimental study on 210Pb

International audienceQuantitative analysis of environmental samples generally involves volume source with low radioactivity and an unknown composition of the sample matrix. Unless an efficiency calibration with the same geometry and matrix is available, it is necessary to correct the raw counting rates for self-attenuation effects in order to obtain the correct sample activity. This can be achieved either experimentally or by means of calculation based on mass attenuation coefficients that can be directly measured or taken from tabulated absorption data. The self-attenuation effect is more pronounced when the energy of the emitted photons is low. This is the case with 210Pb, which is a low-energy gamma emitting radionuclide (46.54 keV) suffering strong absorption in the sample matrix and whose concentration in the environment must be regularly monitored according to public health regulations. Within the framework of the GSWG, twelve laboratories agreed to carry out measurements with matrices containing 210Pb and to compare their approaches to the determination of self-attenuation correction factors in order to draft practical recommendations for users.With this aim, the Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNHB) prepared two different sets of three samples, each packed in cylindrical containers with known activities of 210Pb and 137Cs, according to the preparation procedure using standard solutions. The sample filled with resin was meant to be considered as a standard source by the participants and could be used for the efficiency calibration of the detectors. The goal of the exercise was to determine the activity of the two radionuclides included in the other two samples, with unknown matrices. This required the participants to establish the self-attenuation correction factors between the calibration and the measurement matrices. Inactive matrices can be used to experimentally determine the attenuation coefficients for calculating self-absorption.The different approaches and results obtained by the participants are presented and general recommendations are proposed

Intercomparison of methods for coincidence summing corrections in gamma-ray spectrometry

A comparison of the coincidence summing correction methods is presented. Since there are several ways for computing these corrections, each method has advantages and drawbacks that could be compared. This part of the comparison was restricted to point sources. The same experimental spectra, decay scheme and photon emission intensities were used by all the participants. The results were expressed as coincidence summing correction factors for several energies of 152Eu and 134Cs, and three source-to-detector distances. They are presented and discussed.JRC.D.4-Nuclear physic

Self-attenuation in the low-energy range: an experimental study on 210Pb

International audienceQuantitative analysis of environmental samples generally involves volume source with low radioactivity and an unknown composition of the sample matrix. Unless an efficiency calibration with the same geometry and matrix is available, it is necessary to correct the raw counting rates for self-attenuation effects in order to obtain the correct sample activity. This can be achieved either experimentally or by means of calculation based on mass attenuation coefficients that can be directly measured or taken from tabulated absorption data. The self-attenuation effect is more pronounced when the energy of the emitted photons is low. This is the case with 210Pb, which is a low-energy gamma emitting radionuclide (46.54 keV) suffering strong absorption in the sample matrix and whose concentration in the environment must be regularly monitored according to public health regulations. Within the framework of the GSWG, twelve laboratories agreed to carry out measurements with matrices containing 210Pb and to compare their approaches to the determination of self-attenuation correction factors in order to draft practical recommendations for users.With this aim, the Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNHB) prepared two different sets of three samples, each packed in cylindrical containers with known activities of 210Pb and 137Cs, according to the preparation procedure using standard solutions. The sample filled with resin was meant to be considered as a standard source by the participants and could be used for the efficiency calibration of the detectors. The goal of the exercise was to determine the activity of the two radionuclides included in the other two samples, with unknown matrices. This required the participants to establish the self-attenuation correction factors between the calibration and the measurement matrices. Inactive matrices can be used to experimentally determine the attenuation coefficients for calculating self-absorption.The different approaches and results obtained by the participants are presented and general recommendations are proposed

A benchmark for Monte Carlo simulations in gamma-ray spectrometry Part II: True coincidence summing correction factors

International audienceThe goal of this study is to provide a benchmark for the use of Monte Carlo simulation when applied to coincidence summing corrections. The examples are based on simple geometries: two types of germanium detectors and four kinds of sources, to mimic eight typical measurement conditions. The coincidence corrective factors are computed for four radionuclides. The exercise input files and calculation results with practical recommendations are made available for new users on a dedicated webpage

Intercomparison of methods for coincidence summing corrections in gamma-ray spectrometry – part II (volume sources)

The second part of an intercomparison of the coincidence summing correction methods is presented. This exercise concerned three volume sources, filled with liquid solution. The same experimental spectra, decay scheme and photon emission intensities were used by all the participants. The results were expressed as coincidence summing correction factors for several energies of 152Eu and 134Cs, and different source-to-detector distances. They are presented and discussed.JRC.D.4-Nuclear physic