Mound Systems: Pressure Distribution of Wastewater: Design and Construction in Ohio

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The Acquisition of Phrasal Verbs in L2 English: A Literature Review

This paper introduces the linguistic element called the phrasal verb, which consists of a verb followed by a particle, such as to “eat out.” The challenges facing L2 students attempting to master phrasal verbs are considered, followed by a proposed approach to teaching semantic as well as syntactic understanding of these structures. We conclude with a review of literature which proposes innovative teaching techniques. We conclude that there is promise that some of these techniques can assist students to master phrasal verbs, and that more research is necessary to determine the most effective approaches

Use of habitat and activity patterns of white lipped (Tayassu pecari) and collared (Pecari tajacu) peccaries in cattle ranching environments of the Dry Chaco, Paraguay

Autor correspondiente: [email protected] Pecarí labiado es gregario con manadas de hasta 300 individuos, habita bosques húmedos y xerofíticos. El pecarí de collar forma grupos de hasta 50 individuos y presenta una gran plasticidad ecológica, por la variedad de ambientes en el que vive. Ambas especies son depredadoras de semillas y presas naturales de carnívoros. Presentan amenazas como la pérdida y fragmentación de hábitats, y la cacería furtiva. Esta in¬vestigación tuvo como objetivos: (1) contribuir al conocimiento de la distribución y ocupación de sitios por T. pecari y P. tajacu en relación a características del paisaje, (2) describir los patrones de actividad diaria en paisajes ganaderos del Chaco Seco, paraguayo. Se establecieron 45 estaciones de muestreos en la Estancia Montania (Departamento de Boquerón, Paraguay). En cada sitio se colocó una cámara trampa, durante los años 2015 a 2017. Cada cámara fue ubicada en senderos de fauna, las fotografías obtenidas fueron clasificadas y analizadas con ayuda de los programas (DataOrganize y DataAnalyze). T. pecari registró mayor uso en sitios con mayor cobertura boscosa, esto se debería a la disponibilidad mayor de alimentos. P. tajacu, no mostró diferencias sig¬nificativas en el uso de hábitat en función a la cobertura boscosa. Los patrones de actividad de ambas especies no muestran una segregación temporal.The white lipped peccary is gregarious with herds of up to 300 individuals and it lives in humid and xerophytic forests. The collared peccary forms groups of up to 50 individuals and shows great ecological plasticity due to the variety of environments it lives in. Both species are seed predators and natural prey for carnivores. They are faced by threats such as loss and fragmentation of habitat and poaching. This investigation’s objectives were: (1) to contribute to the knowledge on the distribution and occupation of T. pecari and P. tajacu in relation to landscape characteristics, (2) to describe activity patterns in productive landscapes in the Paraguayan Dry Chaco. 45 sampling stations were established at Estancia Montania (Boquerón Department, Paraguay). A camera trap was placed at each station from 2015 to 2017. Each camera was placed on a wildlife trail. The photographs obtained were classified and analyzed using program (DataOrganize and DataAnalyze). T. pecari registered greater use in places with more forest coverage due to the higher availability of food. P. tajacu did not demonstrate significant differences in habitat use with respect to forest coverage. The behavioral patterns of the species do not show temporal segregation.Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaPrograma Paraguayo para el Desarrollo de la Ciencia y Tecnología. Proyectos de investigación y desarroll

Guía para la identificación de mamíferos medianos y grandes del Chaco Seco

Presentación de la Guía para la identificación de mamíferos medianos y grandes del Chaco Seco.CONACYT – Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaPROCIENCI

Understanding uptake of continuous quality improvement in Indigenous primary health care: lessons from a multi-site case study of the Audit and Best Practice for Chronic Disease project

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Experimentation with continuous quality improvement (CQI) processes is well underway in Indigenous Australian primary health care. To date, little research into how health organizations take up, support, and embed these complex innovations is available on which services can draw to inform implementation. In this paper, we examine the practices and processes in the policy and organisational contexts, and aim to explore the ways in which they interact to support and/or hinder services' participation in a large scale Indigenous primary health care CQI program.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We took a theory-driven approach, drawing on literature on the theory and effectiveness of CQI systems and the Greenhalgh diffusion of innovation framework. Data included routinely collected regional and service profile data; uptake of tools and progress through the first CQI cycle, and data collected quarterly from hub coordinators on their perceptions of barriers and enablers. A total of 48 interviews were also conducted with key people involved in the development, dissemination, and implementation of the Audit and Best Practice for Chronic Disease (ABCD) project. We compiled the various data, conducted thematic analyses, and developed an in-depth narrative account of the processes of uptake and diffusion into services.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Uptake of CQI was a complex and messy process that happened in fits and starts, was often characterised by conflicts and tensions, and was iterative, reactive, and transformational. Despite initial enthusiasm, the mixed successes during the first cycle were associated with the interaction of features of the environment, the service, the quality improvement process, and the stakeholders, which operated to produce a set of circumstances that either inhibited or enabled the process of change. Organisations had different levels of capacity to mobilize resources that could shift the balance toward supporting implementation. Different forms of leadership and organisational linkages were critical to success. The Greenhalgh framework provided a useful starting point for investigation, but we believe it is more a descriptive than explanatory model. As such, it has limitations in the extent to which it could assist us in understanding the interactions of the practices and processes that we observed at different levels of the system.</p> <p>Summary</p> <p>Taking up CQI involved engaging multiple stakeholders in new relationships that could support services to construct shared meaning and purpose, operationalise key concepts and tools, and develop and embed new practices into services systems and routines. Promoting quality improvement requires a system approach and organization-wide commitment. At the organization level, a formal high-level mandate, leadership at all levels, and resources to support implementation are needed. At the broader system level, governance arrangements that can fulfil a number of policy objectives related to articulating the linkages between CQI and other aspects of the regulatory, financing, and performance frameworks within the health system would help define a role and vision for quality improvement.</p

Smoking, HIV, and risk of pregnancy loss

Cigarette smoking during pregnancy increases risks of poor pregnancy outcomes including miscarriage and stillbirth (pregnancy loss), but the effect of smoking on pregnancy loss among HIV-infected women has not been explored. Here, investigated the impact of smoking on risk of pregnancy loss among HIV-positive and HIV-negative women, and estimated the potential impact of realistic smoking cessation interventions on risk of pregnancy loss among HIV-positive women

Saturation of an Intra-Gene Pool Linkage Map: Towards a Unified Consensus Linkage Map for Fine Mapping and Synteny Analysis in Common Bean

Map-based cloning and fine mapping to find genes of interest and marker assisted selection (MAS) requires good genetic maps with reproducible markers. In this study, we saturated the linkage map of the intra-gene pool population of common bean DOR364×BAT477 (DB) by evaluating 2,706 molecular markers including SSR, SNP, and gene-based markers. On average the polymorphism rate was 7.7% due to the narrow genetic base between the parents. The DB linkage map consisted of 291 markers with a total map length of 1,788 cM. A consensus map was built using the core mapping populations derived from inter-gene pool crosses: DOR364×G19833 (DG) and BAT93×JALO EEP558 (BJ). The consensus map consisted of a total of 1,010 markers mapped, with a total map length of 2,041 cM across 11 linkage groups. On average, each linkage group on the consensus map contained 91 markers of which 83% were single copy markers. Finally, a synteny analysis was carried out using our highly saturated consensus maps compared with the soybean pseudo-chromosome assembly. A total of 772 marker sequences were compared with the soybean genome. A total of 44 syntenic blocks were identified. The linkage group Pv6 presented the most diverse pattern of synteny with seven syntenic blocks, and Pv9 showed the most consistent relations with soybean with just two syntenic blocks. Additionally, a co-linear analysis using common bean transcript map information against soybean coding sequences (CDS) revealed the relationship with 787 soybean genes. The common bean consensus map has allowed us to map a larger number of markers, to obtain a more complete coverage of the common bean genome. Our results, combined with synteny relationships provide tools to increase marker density in selected genomic regions to identify closely linked polymorphic markers for indirect selection, fine mapping or for positional cloning

Measurable effects of local alcohol licensing policies on population health in England.

BACKGROUND: English alcohol policy is implemented at local government level, leading to variations in how it is put into practice. We evaluated whether differences in the presence or absence of cumulative impact zones and the 'intensity' of licensing enforcement-both aimed at regulating the availability of alcohol and modifying the drinking environment-were associated with harm as measured by alcohol-related hospital admissions. METHODS: Premises licensing data were obtained at lower tier local authority (LTLA) level from the Home Office Alcohol and Late Night Refreshment Licensing data for 2007-2012, and LTLAs were coded as 'passive', low, medium or highly active based on whether they made use of cumulative impact areas and/or whether any licences for new premises were declined. These data were linked to 2009-2015 alcohol-related hospital admission and alcohol-related crime rates obtained from the Local Alcohol Profiles for England. Population size and deprivation data were obtained from the Office of National Statistics. Changes in directly age-standardised rates of people admitted to hospital with alcohol-related conditions were analysed using hierarchical growth modelling. RESULTS: Stronger reductions in alcohol-related admission rates were observed in areas with more intense alcohol licensing policies, indicating an 'exposure-response' association, in the 2007-2015 period. Local areas with the most intensive licensing policies had an additional 5% reduction (p=0.006) in 2015 compared with what would have been expected had these local areas had no active licensing policy in place. CONCLUSIONS: Local licensing policies appear to be associated with a reduction in alcohol-related hospital admissions in areas with more intense licensing policies