Evaluation of Glomus mosseae as Biocontrol Agents against Rhizoctonia solani on Tomato

R. solani is one of the phytopathogens that attack tomato cultivated causing seed decay, root and crown rot. The ability of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) to suppress root diseases caused by soilborne pathogens has been intensively studied in the last thirty years. The efficacy of AM (Glomus mosseae) as biological agents was assayed against R. solani on tomato seeds and seedling in greenhouse and field. The results appeared ability of AM (Glomus mosseae) for the suppression of R. solani at transplant time (day 30) in greenhouse experiment (76%) and field experiment results appeared significant differences at disease index and disease severity of tomato plants in mycorrhiza treatment (21%, 1 respectively). The mycorrhiza treatment results was positive influenced on plant growth and health indicators too (tomato seeds germination, fresh weight, dry weight, roots volume and fruit weight). Keywords: Rhizoctonia solani, Glomus mosseae, Biological agent, Tomato

The Spatial Planning for the Educational Services and the Scarcity of Urban Land: Study Area: Al-Sadder City

Many Of Cities Are experiencing a real shortage and need for school buildings due to overcrowding and duplication in school attendance, The growth of educational institutions has been barge into the scarcity of urban land required for the construction of school buildings. In order to address this scarcity, the cities needs to adopt one or more urban policies to address the scarcity of allocated land For educational services

Religiosity Effects on Employees in SMEs: An Islamic Country Perspective

This study aims to investigate the adaptation of internalization factors and employees’ competitive behavior in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The empirical findings suggest that the integration of religious orientation brings better results along with the other determinants (subjective norm, attitude, behavior control and intention) of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Further, this study indicates the significant direct relationship between religious orientation, attitude, perceived control and intention with employee behavior, except for subjective norms and intention, which shows an insignificant relationship. This empirical findings suggest that owners and managers of SMEs should place some efforts in providing support to increase religious orientation in SMEs, as this would likely to enhance all other factors. This study reports unique empirical findings to support the generalizability of the theory while also adding a new facet to the TPB by using SMEs as a social lab and data from a developing country

LONGITUDINAL CHANGES IN DENTAL ARCH CIRCUMFERENCE IN SULAIMANI CITY

Background: Evaluation of dental arches is of great importance for definitive diagnosis and optimal craniofacial treatment. The circumference or perimeter is the most important dimension of the dental arch and it changes according to age and gender. This issue hasn't been conducted yet in sulaimani city;Aims: aim of the present study was to assess the dimensional changes in the dental arches occurring during the transitional period from mixed to permanent dentition in individuals with normal dentition.Methods: A group of fifty children with normal dentition aged 8-9 years were selected according to specific criteria in sulaimani city in kurdistan of iraq, dental arch dimensions were measured. Five years later, a second examination and measurement was performed to record the changes in dental arches. The data was analyzed by using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS, version 15) program for obtaining the descriptive statistics including the mean, and standard deviation, also the inferential statistics (t-test) was applied to test the significance difference between the dimensions.Results: The study showed an increase in the arch perimeter of the maxilla in the transition from mixed to permanent dentition for both males and females whereas in the lower arch it was the reverse. The arch perimeter differences between maxillary and mandibular arches show high significancy in both mixed and permanent dentitions P(0.00), P(0.00). There was asymmetry in the ach length between right and left side for both mixed and permanent dentition and most of the measurements of the permanent dentition showed high significant differences between right and left sides. There was a significant difference P(0.00) in maxillary and mandibular left and right incisor- canine distance (I-C) between males and females.Conclusion: Controlling the reduction of total arch length in the transition period from mixed dentition to permanent dentition may help in the early treatment of crowding of the teeth

Preparation and Characterization of Some Metal Complexes with Heterocyclic Azo Ligand (4-SuBAI)

The preparation and characterization of the Cu (II), Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Hg(II) metal complexes of heterocyclic azo ligand 2-[(4`-sulphamide phenyl) azo] -4,5-diphenyl imidazole (4-SuBAI) have been studied by elemental analysis, FT-IR and UV-Vis Spectroscopic, magnetic moment and molar conductance methods. The analytical data showed that all chelate complexes were prepared with (metal-ligand) ratio of (1:2). The general formula of these complexes was [ML2X2]. nH2O [were L=2-[(4`-sulphamide phenyl) azo]-4,5-diphenyl imidazole and X=Cl, and the octahedral geometry were suggested for these complexes

Inhibition of fungal growth and mycotoxins formation of selected toxigenic fungi by different bacterial strains

Four bacterial strains (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BICS 08b, B. subtilis AUMC 63,Lactococcus lactis BICS 081b and Pseudomonas fluorescence BICS 0149b) were tested for their ability to inhibit both growth and mycotoxins production by different 11 toxigenic fungi; five local isolates from different Egyptian food sources and six standard strains obtained from CBS, Central Bureau voor Schimmelcultures, Holland. Pseudomonas fluorescence BICS 0149b completely inhibited growth of nine fungi and completely inhibited toxin production by the 11 tested fungi. Bacillus subtilis AUMC 63 reduced fungal growth of the 11 fungal isolates under study by 40-100%, and reduced their toxins formation by 20- 100%. Lactococcus lactis BICS 081b highly reduced both fungal growth and mycotoxins production by 76-100% and 60-100%, respectively. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BICS 08b completely inhibited toxins formation by almost fungi while it was not highly affected their growth. From this result, some bacterial strains may be successfully used as a biological control agent of food contamination with molds and mycotoxin

EFL College Students’ Perceptions of the Difficulties of Comprehending Academic English Lectures

Students’ perceptions of the difficulties of comprehending academic English lectures affect their academic learning. Therefore, the present study is designed to explore EFL college female undergraduate students’ perceptions of the difficulties of comprehending academic English lectures to bring to light those factors that affect students’ academic performance and suggest solutions to overcome them. Participants were 365 female college students picked randomly from various grade levels enrolled in a four-year pre-service teacher education program at the College of Basic Education in Kuwait. The study adopted a descriptive design employing Likert’s five-point scale assigned under two factors: linguistic difficulties and non-linguistic difficulties. Independent variables include age, nationality, grade level and GPA. Results showed that students’ difficulties were at a medium level. Significant differences were observed for nationality, grade level and GPA. Implications and recommendations for future research were discussed

Interest Rate Changes and Islamic Stock Return with Wavelets: the Case of Indonesia

In a global economy, shocks affect many financial sectors including stock market through the discount factor of the cash flow model. As in the conventional stock market where global shocks play a significant role in influencing stock prices, it also occurs in the Islamic stocks. This paper investigates the linkage between interest rate and stock returns for Indonesia with the sample period from January 2005 to December 2012 in the time-frequency domain by using a number of cross-wavelet tools. The results reveal that the similar response of the Islamic and conventional equity finance to the global shock. In turn, the result depicts that the Islamic equity market is also sensitive to the monetary tools used in the conventional system. The results have useful implications for policy makers in the face of a global financial crisis to prevent the steep fall of stock market price by increasing or decreasing the interest rate. In other words, since interest rate changes have an impact in the stock market, harmonisation of monetary policies mainly in developed countries can contribute to a decrease in the contagion potential on the stock market

Preparation and Spectral Characterization of New Azo Imidazole Ligand 2-[(2`-Cyano Phenyl) Azo]-4,5-Diphenyl Imidazole and its Complexes with Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg (II) Ions

The preparation and spectral characterization of complexes for Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) and Hg(II) ions with new organic heterocyclic azo imidazole dye as ligand 2-[(2`-cyano phenyl) azo ]-4,5-diphenyl imidazole ) (2-CyBAI) were prepared by reacting a dizonium salt solution of 2-cyano aniline with 4,5-diphenyl imidazole in alkaline ethanolic solution .These complexes were characterized spectroscopically by infrared and electronic spectra along with elemental analysis‚ molar conductance and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The data show that the ligand behaves a bidantate and coordinates to the metal ion via nitrogen atom of azo and with imidazole N3 atom. Octahedral environment is suggested for all metal complexes