Khaul and Maqam Thariqath in Sufism: the Analysis of Implementation Inside the Live of Sufi Thariqath Naqshabandiyah at Dawe Kudus Boarding School

The core of all religions are surrender to The God, as the Creator of all universe. The term of surrender generically called Islam in the Arabic terminology. Personal surrender to God The Ultimate Being, as the most right a part of self religious attitude. This attitude do not consider which any form of the people religious formation. Furthermore, apart form from this religious personality really rejected. According to the conceptualization of religious personality above, the sufism prosecuted to spell out all it\u27s doctrines related to cultural and social analysis. The sufism assumpt about religious multiculturality as the only form of religion in the world, while the nature it\u27s similar, that worship in source of anything. The Sufi as they stay in some stage on viewing about God, he will look at Him as essence not as the outer side of His perception. This reasearch stand by qualitative approach. The result of research aim about correlation between religion and society are creates the influence of the two sides. The religion influence the society otherwise the society influence the religion. This reciprocal influences, between the development of society and the improvement of religion, as social and cultural realities that\u27s need to be wider understand and deep perception

Synthesis and Evaluation of Protein-Phenylboronic Acid Conjugates as Lectin Mimetics

Glycan-binding molecules, such as lectins, are very important tools for characterizing, imaging, or targeting glycans and are often involved in either physiological or pathological processes. However, their availability is far less compared to the diversity of native glycans. Therefore, development of lectin mimetics with desired specificity and affinity is in high demand. Boronic acid reacts with 1,2- and 1,3-diols of saccharides in aqueous media through reversible boronate ester formation and are regarded as synthetic lectin mimetics. In this study, bovine serum albumin (BSA)-phenylboronic acid (PBA) conjugates were synthesized in a density-controlled manner by targeting both aspartic and glutamic acids to afford lectin mimetics with multivalent PBA, as multivalency is a key factor for glycan recognition in both specificity and affinity. The resultant BSA-PBA conjugates were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis. Their macrophage cell surface glycan-binding capacity was characterized by a competitive lectin-binding assay examined by flow cytometry, and 3-(4,5-di-methylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 -diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay showed biocompatibility. These novel lectin mimetics will find a broad range of applications as they can be wittingly modified, altering binding specificity and capacity

Gallic acid-loaded microemulsion and microemulsion gel: Development, characterization, and evaluation of antioxidant effectiveness

128-135In this study, it was aimed to develop, characterize, and improve the antioxidant activity of gallic acid (GA) by formulating it into microemulsion (ME) and microemulsion gel (MEg). Blank MEs were prepared using different proportions of oil/water/surfactant, which provide stable and transparent ME production. Their droplet sizes, zeta potentials and stabilities after holding, centrifugation, and freeze-thawing processes were determined. F2 and F5 coded MEs were selected among the blank MEs and GA was loaded into these formulations. Besides the characterization studies, pH and viscosity measurement, in vitro release, cytotoxicity test, cell permeation, and antioxidant activity studies were performed. In vitro released amount of GA was enhanced by formulating it into ME and MEg at the end of six hours and it showed a scavenging effect of DPPH● and ABTS●+ radicals. In conclusion, increased efficacy, reduced toxicity, and prolonged antioxidant activity have been achieved with the use of new, non-toxic, and stable ME and MEg loaded with GA and it is thought that these formulations create the potential for topical application

Gallic acid-loaded microemulsion and microemulsion gel: Development, characterization, and evaluation of antioxidant effectiveness

In this study, it was aimed to develop, characterize, and improve the antioxidant activity of gallic acid (GA) by formulating it into microemulsion (ME) and microemulsion gel (MEg). Blank MEs were prepared using different proportions of oil/water/surfactant, which provide stable and transparent ME production. Their droplet sizes, zeta potentials and stabilities after holding, centrifugation, and freeze-thawing processes were determined. F2 and F5 coded MEs were selected among the blank MEs and GA was loaded into these formulations. Besides the characterization studies, pH and viscosity measurement, in vitro release, cytotoxicity test, cell permeation, and antioxidant activity studies were performed. In vitro released amount of GA was enhanced by formulating it into ME and MEg at the end of six hours and it showed a scavenging effect of DPPH● and ABTS●+ radicals. In conclusion, increased efficacy, reduced toxicity, and prolonged antioxidant activity have been achieved with the use of new, non-toxic, and stable ME and MEg loaded with GA and it is thought that these formulations create the potential for topical application

Bioactive compounds: a goldmine for defining new strategies against pathogenic bacterial biofilms?

Most human infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms growing as biofilms. These three-dimensional self-organized communities are embedded in a dense matrix allowing microorganisms to persistently inhabit abiotic and biotic surfaces due to increased resistance to both antibiotics and effectors of the immune system. Consequently, there is an urgent need for novel strategies to control biofilm-associated infections. Natural products offer a vast array of chemical structures and possess a wide variety of biological properties; therefore, they have been and continue to be exploited in the search for potential biofilm inhibitors with a specific or multi-locus mechanism of action. This review provides an updated discussion of the major bioactive compounds isolated from several natural sources - such as plants, lichens, algae, microorganisms, animals, and humans - with the potential to inhibit biofilm formation and/or to disperse established biofilms by bacterial pathogens. Despite the very large number of bioactive products, their exact mechanism of action often remains to be clarified and, in some cases, the identity of the active molecule is still unknown. This knowledge gap should be filled thus allowing development of these products not only as novel drugs to combat bacterial biofilms, but also as antibiotic adjuvants to restore the therapeutic efficacy of current antibiotics