High-K volcanism in the Afyon region, western Turkey: from Si-oversaturated to Si-undersaturated volcanism

Volcanic rocks of the Afyon province (eastern part of western Anatolia) make up a multistage potassic and ultrapotassic alkaline series dated from 14 to 12 Ma. The early-stage Si-oversaturated volcanic rocks around the Afyon city and further southward are trachyandesitic volcanic activity (14.23 ± 0.09 Ma). Late-stage Si-undersaturated volcanism in the southernmost part of the Afyon volcanic province took place in three episodes inferred from their stratigraphic relationships and ages. Melilite– leucitites (11.50 ± 0.03 Ma), spotted rachyandesites, tephryphonolites and lamproites (11.91 ± 0.13 Ma) formed in the first episode; trachyandesites in the second episode and finally phonotephrites, phonolite, basaltic trachyandesites and nosean-bearing trachyandesites during the last episode. The parameter Q [normative q-(ne + lc + kls + ol)] of western Anatolia volcanism clearly decreased southward with time becoming zero in the time interval 10–15 Ma. The magmatism experienced a sudden change in the extent of Si saturation after 14 Ma, during late-stage volcanic activity of Afyon volcanic province at around 12 Ma, though there was some coexistence of Si-oversaturated and Si-undersaturated magmas during the whole life of Afyon volcanic province

Global seismic attenuation imaging using full-waveform inversion: A comparative assessment of different choices of misfit functionals

We present the results of synthetic tests that aim at evaluating the relative performance of three different definitions of misfit functionals in the context of 3-D imaging of shear wave attenuation in the earth's upper mantle at the global scale, using long-period full-waveform data. The synthetic tests are conducted with simple hypothetical upper-mantle models that contain Qμ anomalies centred at different depths and locations, with or without additional seismic velocity anomalies. To build synthetic waveform data sets, we performed simulations of 50 events in the hypothetical (target) models, using the spectral element method, filtered in the period range 60-400 s. The selected events are chosen among 273 events used in the development of radially anisotropic model SEMUCB-WM1 and recorded at 495 stations worldwide. The synthetic Z-component waveforms correspond to paths and time intervals (fundamental mode and overtone Rayleigh waves) that exist in the real waveform data set. The inversions for shear attenuation structure are carried out using a Gauss-Newton optimization scheme in which the gradient and Hessian are computed using normal mode perturbation theory. The three different misfit functionals considered are based on time domain waveform (WF) and waveform envelope (E-WF) differences, as well as spectral amplitude ratios (SA), between observed and predicted waveforms.We evaluate the performance of the three misfit functional definitions in the presence of seismic noise and unresolved S-wave velocity heterogeneity and discuss the relative importance of physical dispersion effects due to 3-D Qμ structure. We observed that the performance of WF is poorer than the other two misfit functionals in recovering attenuation structure, unless anelastic dispersion effects are taken into account in the calculation of partial derivatives. WF also turns out to be more sensitive to seismic noise than E-WF and SA. Overall, SA performs best for attenuation imaging. Our tests show that it is important to account for 3-D elastic effects (focusing) before inverting for Qμ. Additionally, we show that including high signal-to-noise ratio overtone wave packets is necessary to resolve Qμ structure at depths greater than 250 km

Global seismic attenuation imaging using full-waveform inversion: A comparative assessment of different choices of misfit functionals

We present the results of synthetic tests that aim at evaluating the relative performance of three different definitions of misfit functionals in the context of 3-D imaging of shear wave attenuation in the earth's upper mantle at the global scale, using long-period full-waveform data. The synthetic tests are conducted with simple hypothetical upper-mantle models that contain Q anomalies centred at different depths and locations, with or without additional seismic velocity anomalies. To build synthetic waveform data sets, we performed simulations of 50 events in the hypothetical (target) models, using the spectral element method, filtered in the period range 60-400 s. The selected events are chosen among 273 events used in the development of radially anisotropic model SEMUCB-WM1 and recorded at 495 stations worldwide. The synthetic Z-component waveforms correspond to paths and time intervals (fundamental mode and overtone Rayleigh waves) that exist in the real waveform data set. The inversions for shear attenuation structure are carried out using a Gauss-Newton optimization scheme in which the gradient and Hessian are computed using normal mode perturbation theory. The three different misfit functionals considered are based on time domain waveform (WF) and waveform envelope (E-WF) differences, as well as spectral amplitude ratios (SA), between observed and predicted waveforms.We evaluate the performance of the three misfit functional definitions in the presence of seismic noise and unresolved S-wave velocity heterogeneity and discuss the relative importance of physical dispersion effects due to 3-D Q structure. We observed that the performance of WF is poorer than the other two misfit functionals in recovering attenuation structure, unless anelastic dispersion effects are taken into account in the calculation of partial derivatives. WF also turns out to be more sensitive to seismic noise than E-WF and SA. Overall, SA performs best for attenuation imaging. Our tests show that it is important to account for 3-D elastic effects (focusing) before inverting for Q . Additionally, we show that including high signal-to-noise ratio overtone wave packets is necessary to resolve Q structure at depths greater than 250 km. μ μ μ

Rapid and efficient microwave-assisted synthesis of some new triazol-3-one derivatives

A growing body of literature has shown the effectiveness of using microwaves in chemical reactions. The aim of this study is to demonstrate a rapid and highly efficient synthesis of some new triazol-3-ones via microwave heating using a monomode microwave. Compared with the thermal process, the microwave heating induces a dramatic reduction of the reaction time and improvement of the yields. In this study, rapid N-benzylation and N-acetylation of triazol-3-ones were achieved by microwave irradiation method for the first time. The newly synthesized compounds showed moderate antimicrobial activity against the standard bacterial and fungal organisms tested. © 2013 HeteroCorporation

Chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from vicia dadianorum extracted by hydro and microwave distillations

The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of extraction methods on yield and chemical composition of the essential oil of Vicia dadianorum Somm. & Lev. The volatiles of V. dadianorum have been isolated by hydro and microwave distillations (HD and MD). The compositions of the essential oils were characterized by GC-FID and GC-MS. A total of seventy-six and fifty-six compounds were identified, constituting over 90.9%, and 80.1% of oil composition of V. dadianorum, respectively. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were shown to be the main group of volatiles (HD: 26.2% and MD: 15.9%). The major terpene constituent of the essential oils of V. dadianorum was ?-elemene (HD, 13.7% and MD, 8.4%). Comparative study showed that the amount of total volatiles (90.9%) and the major constituent (26.2%) were found to be better in HD of V. dadianorum. The antimicrobial activity of the isolated essential oils of the plant was also investigated, and it showed moderate antimicrobial and antifungal activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Candida albicans

Textural properties of fat - Reduced sucuk with orange fiber [Portakal lifli yağı - Azaltılmış sucuğun tekstürel özellikleri]

In this study, sucuk samples with different orange fiber (0%, 2% and 4%) and fat (sheep tail fat) levels (10%, 15% and 20%) were produced and textural parameters were investigated during ripening time. Use of orange fiber significantly affected hardness, chewiness, gumminess and resilience parameters in all groups (P0.05). While textural parameters, adhesiveness, springiness, chewiness, gumminess and resilience, were affected (P0.05). However, ripening time was the most effective factor on all textural parameters (P<0.01). While a permanent increase was observed in hardness, adhesiveness, gumminess and chewiness values of all samples during ripening, the highest value (increase) was determined in hardness. © 2016, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi. All rights reserved

Altitude variation in the composition of essential oils, fatty acid methyl esters, and antimicrobial activities of two subspecies of primula vulgaris grown in Turkey

In this study, the changes caused by variation of altitude to the essential oils (EOs), fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), and antimicrobial activities of Primula vulgaris Huds. subsp. vulgaris (Pvv) and P. vulgaris Huds. subsp. sibthorpii (Hoffmanns) W.W.Sm. and Forrest (Pvs)) grown in Turkey were investigated. Major fluctuations in the composition of Pvv and Pvs oils included methyl-4-methoxy salicylate (4.5-35.3%; Pvv and 3.2-37.2%; Pvs), (Z,Z,Z)-7,10,13- hexadecatrienal (5.1-21.8%; Pvv and 4.4-15.2%; Pvs ) and flavone (5.5-14.9%; Pvv and 1.6-18.0%; Pvs). Fatty acid profile (C6:0-C26:0) changes were noted in Pvv and Pvs. Methyl hexadecanoate (2.4-9.3%) and methyl octadecanoate (1.0-4.7%) were present in all the FAME samples of the plants. The antimicrobial activity of the EOs of Pvv and Pvs were tested against nine bacterial species, which showed activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) varying from 8.5 to 59.2 ?g/mL in all samples, respectively, depending on the altitude at which the oils were obtained