Use of GIS to Estimate Recharge and Identification of Potential Groundwater Recharge Zones in the Karstic Aquifers, West of Iran

Estimating and studying groundwater recharge is necessary and important for the management of water resources. The main aim of this work is to estimate the value of the annual recharge in some parts of the Kermanshah and Kurdistan province located in the west of Iran. There are many approaches available for estimation of the recharge, but RS (remote sensing) and GIS (geographic information system) have provided and combined a lot of effective spatial and temporal data of large areas within a short time. For this purpose, nine information layers including the slope, aspect of slope, lithology, lineament density, drainage density, precipitation, vegetation density, soil cover, and karst features were prepared and imported to the ArcMap software. After preparing the information layers, they have to weigh based on their effects on the value of the recharge. In order to be weighted the different parameters, methods of judgment expert, reciprocal influences of parameters, and AHP were used. Using GIS, the results obtained from the final map indicated the average value for the recharge based on the average calculated coefficient of recharge. The annual recharge coefficient in the study area was estimated to be between 30% and 80%

Anisotropic magnetized neutron star

As we know, the effect of strong magnetic field causes the anisotropy for the magnetized compact objects. Therefore, in this paper, we have studied the structure properties of anisotropic case of magnetized neutron star. We have derived the equation of state (EoS) of neutron star matter for two forms of magnetic fields, one uniform and one density dependent. We have solved the generalized Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equations to examine the maximum mass and corresponding radius, Schwarzschild radius, gravitational redshift, Kretschmann scalar, and Buchdahl theorem for this system. It was shown that the maximum mass and radius of neutron star are increasing functions of the magnetic field. Also redshift, strength of gravity, and Kretschmann scalar increase as the magnetic field increases. In addition, the dynamical stability of anisotrop neutron star has been investigated, and finally a comparison with the empirical results has been made

Actor Network Theory Approach and its Application in Investigating Agricultural Climate Information System

Actor network theory as a qualitative approach to study complex social factors and process of socio-technical interaction provides new concepts and ideas to understand socio-technical nature of information systems. From the actor network theory viewpoint, agricultural climate information system is a network consisting of actors, actions and information related processes (production, transformation, storage, retrieval, integration, diffusion and utilization, control and management), and system mechanisms (interfaces and networks). Analysis of such systemsembody the identification of basic components and structure of the system (nodes) –thedifferent sources of information production, extension, and users, and the understanding of how successfully the system works (interaction and links) – in order to promote climate knowledge content and improve system performance to reach agricultural development. The present research attempted to introduce actor network theory as research framework based on network view of agricultural climate information system

Geochemical and multi-isotopes (δ18O, δ2H, δ13C, 3H and δ37Cl) evidences to karst development and flow directions in transboundary aquifer, Northeast of Iran

The first systematic research of the geo-hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical characteristics and isotopic signatures was carried out in the transboundary karstic aquifer in northeast of Iran, in order to investigate the groundwater origin, flow directions and karst development. The karstic springs of the area are characterized by discharge rate of 50–500 L/s, EC values of 370–1050 μS/cm and the Ca–Mg–HCO3 water type. Stable isotope values of the precipitations resulted in a LMWL (δ2H = 7.2 × δ18O+8.6, R2 = 0.96, n = 96) with a lower slope and a lower intercept than the global meteoric water line (GMWL) due to isotope kinetic fractionation effects during precipitation. The δ18O precipitation gradient is −0.32‰ per 100 m of altitude. Isotopes data reveals that recent Mediterranean meteoric water (rain and/or snow) is the main origin of groundwater in the study area. The depleted isotope composition of some of the springs can be attributed to their higher catchment area and more recharge by snow. Groundwater budget analysis reveals that a large amount of water migrates toward the neighboring country. Fold and fault zones can be important variables on groundwater local and regional flows in the karstic aquifer. In terms of karst development, the Sarani spring in transboundary karstic aquifer with lower δ18O, δ37Cl and EC values and higher δ13CDIC has conduit flow regime and more karst development in its catchment area. In comparison, the isotopic values as well as physic-chemical characteristics of the springs confirm larger residence times (>30 years) and lower karst development in the other karstic springs. Consequently, the geo-hydrogeological and tectonic settings as well as isotopic approaches enhances knowledge in both groundwater flow direction and karst development and, ultimately, to better evaluate and manage water resources in the study area, and also in other transboundary karstic regions

Geochemical and multi-isotopes (δ18O, δ2H, δ13C, 3H and δ37Cl) evidences to karst development and flow directions in transboundary aquifer, Northeast of Iran

The first systematic research of the geo-hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical characteristics and isotopic signatures was carried out in the transboundary karstic aquifer in northeast of Iran, in order to investigate the groundwater origin, flow directions and karst development. The karstic springs of the area are characterized by discharge rate of 50–500 L/s, EC values of 370–1050 μS/cm and the Ca–Mg–HCO3 water type. Stable isotope values of the precipitations resulted in a LMWL (δ2H = 7.2 × δ18O+8.6, R2 = 0.96, n = 96) with a lower slope and a lower intercept than the global meteoric water line (GMWL) due to isotope kinetic fractionation effects during precipitation. The δ18O precipitation gradient is −0.32‰ per 100 m of altitude. Isotopes data reveals that recent Mediterranean meteoric water (rain and/or snow) is the main origin of groundwater in the study area. The depleted isotope composition of some of the springs can be attributed to their higher catchment area and more recharge by snow. Groundwater budget analysis reveals that a large amount of water migrates toward the neighboring country. Fold and fault zones can be important variables on groundwater local and regional flows in the karstic aquifer. In terms of karst development, the Sarani spring in transboundary karstic aquifer with lower δ18O, δ37Cl and EC values and higher δ13CDIC has conduit flow regime and more karst development in its catchment area. In comparison, the isotopic values as well as physic-chemical characteristics of the springs confirm larger residence times (>30 years) and lower karst development in the other karstic springs. Consequently, the geo-hydrogeological and tectonic settings as well as isotopic approaches enhances knowledge in both groundwater flow direction and karst development and, ultimately, to better evaluate and manage water resources in the study area, and also in other transboundary karstic regions