Terroir Studies in Washington and Wisconsin American Viticultural Areas

The concept of terroir has been evaluated since the 12th century, when Cistercian monks from Burgundy realized that the physical environment in which grapes are grown has a major influence on the character and quality of the resulting wine. These environmental conditions affecting grape and wine quality are known as terroir in viticulture and have become increasingly important in the grape growing and wine industry. In this dissertation, three studies investigating the terroir of vineyards located in Washington and Wisconsin American Viticultural Areas (AVAs), which are defined by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB) as delimited grape-growing regions having distinguishing features and defined boundaries, are presented. The research objective was to understand and evaluate the interplay of the environmental factors that influence the character and quality of grapes and wines produced in vineyards from Washington and Wisconsin AVAs. These two AVAs have drastically different climates, with the Washington site hosting a xeric to aridic soil moisture regime, and the Wisconsin site having an udic soil moisture regime, allowing for the assessment of climate influence on the interrelated properties of the soil and vine. In Chapter 2, the terroir of historic Wollersheim Winery, the only winery within the confines of the Lake Wisconsin AVA, is examined to understand the interplay of environmental factors influencing the character and quality as well as the variability of Wollersheim wines. Soil texture, chemistry, and mineralogy in conjunction with precision viticulture tools such as electromagnetic induction and electrical resistivity tomography surveys, are utilized in the Wollersheim Winery terroir characterization and observation of spatially variable terroir at the vineyard scale. Establishing and comparing areas of variability at the plot level for two specific vineyard plots (Domaine Reserve and Lot 19) at Wollersheim Winery provides insight into the effects of soil properties and land characteristics on grape and wine production using precision viticulture tools. In Chapter 3, the source of water acquired by grapevines during the critical phenological stages of the 2015 growing season is evaluated using stable isotopes oxygen and hydrogen in water at Wollersheim Winery’s vineyard plot Lot 19. The stable isotope analyses of source and vine water provide insight into seasonal water use, vine water uptake processes, and active rooting zones and the role of water in the vine ecological and physiological processes during the growing season to support development of efficient irrigation strategies while managing grape and wine quality. The seasonal vine water use trend supports a variable functional rooting depth for water acquisition by the vines during the different phenological stages, with rain water as a preferential source during the spring months and a root system developed to reach for water progressively deeper as the growing season advances as greater storage of water is found in deeper soil in the autumn months. Chapter 4 presents a regional scale reconnaissance survey that examines the relationships between soil characteristics and the phenolic compound concentrations of Syrah grapes collected during the 2014 harvest from 11 vineyards planted across four different terroirs in the Walla Walla Valley AVA in an assessment of the useful application of the terroir construct at this scale. Soil properties, including drainage, depth, available water-holding capacity (AWC), texture, bulk and plant available chemistry, and mineralogy in conjunction with concentrations of grape phenolic compounds, including tannin, polymeric and total anthocyanins, quercetin glycosides, and catechin are assessed to explore the link between vineyard soil and grape chemistry. The relationships between soil characteristics and phenolic compounds of Syrah grapes from the Walla Walla Valley AVA vineyards, generally indicate that although the four terroirs have distinctly different soil properties, the grape phenolic concentrations reveal only subtle variations; overall, these minor differences show higher concentrations of phenolics may be associated with vineyards that feature soils exhibiting the influence of basalt from weathered basalt bedrock or basalt-derived alluvium. The study demonstrates that large scale characterizations at the AVA level can be limited by the variability of soil properties at the vineyard level

Understanding the Relationship Between Sexual Trauma and Screenings

The most common cause of cervical cancer in women is the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) (Cokkinides, Bandi, Siegel, Warn, & Thun, 2007). Survivors of sexual assault are at a high risk for contracting HPV and other sexually transmitted infections (Lee, Westrup, Ruzek, Keller, & Weitlauf, 2007), therefore placing them at higher risk of developing cervical cancer. Unfortunately, these women are less likely than non-survivors to have cervical cancer screenings (Bazargan, Bazargan, Farooq, & Baker, 2004). Previous research has suggested that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and locus of control (LOC) may have some influence on screening participation in sexual assault survivors. This study investigates the relationship between sexual trauma, PTSD, LOC, and cervical cancer screenings. More specifically, we aim to examine if PTSD and LOC have mediation effects on the relationship between sexual trauma and cervical cancer screening

Understanding the Relationship Between Sexual Trauma and Screenings

The most common cause of cervical cancer in women is the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) (Cokkinides, Bandi, Siegel, Warn, & Thun, 2007). Survivors of sexual assault are at a high risk for contracting HPV and other sexually transmitted infections (Lee, Westrup, Ruzek, Keller, & Weitlauf, 2007), therefore placing them at higher risk of developing cervical cancer. Unfortunately, these women are less likely than non-survivors to have cervical cancer screenings (Bazargan, Bazargan, Farooq, & Baker, 2004). Previous research has suggested that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and locus of control (LOC) may have some influence on screening participation in sexual assault survivors. This study investigates the relationship between sexual trauma, PTSD, LOC, and cervical cancer screenings. More specifically, we aim to examine if PTSD and LOC have mediation effects on the relationship between sexual trauma and cervical cancer screening

Understanding the Relationship Between Sexual Trauma and Screenings

The most common cause of cervical cancer in women is the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) (Cokkinides, Bandi, Siegel, Warn, & Thun, 2007). Survivors of sexual assault are at a high risk for contracting HPV and other sexually transmitted infections (Lee, Westrup, Ruzek, Keller, & Weitlauf, 2007), therefore placing them at higher risk of developing cervical cancer. Unfortunately, these women are less likely than non-survivors to have cervical cancer screenings (Bazargan, Bazargan, Farooq, & Baker, 2004). Previous research has suggested that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and locus of control (LOC) may have some influence on screening participation in sexual assault survivors. This study investigates the relationship between sexual trauma, PTSD, LOC, and cervical cancer screenings. More specifically, we aim to examine if PTSD and LOC have mediation effects on the relationship between sexual trauma and cervical cancer screening

Geology and Wine 14. Terroir of Historic Wollersheim Winery, Lake Wisconsin American Viticultural Area

The viticultural history of Wisconsin started in the 1840s, with the very first vine plantings by Hungarian Agoston Haraszthy on the Wollersheim Winery property located in the Lake Wisconsin American Viticultural Area (AVA). This study examines the terroir of historic Wollersheim Winery, the only winery within the confines of the Lake Wisconsin AVA, to understand the interplay of environmental factors influencing the character and quality as well as the variability of Wollersheim wines. Soil texture, chemistry, and mineralogy in conjunction with precision viticulture tools such as electromagnetic induction and electrical resistivity tomography surveys, are utilized in the Wollersheim Winery terroir characterization and observation of spatially variable terroir at the vineyard scale. Establishing and comparing areas of variability at the plot level for two specific vineyard plots (Domaine Reserve and Lot 19) at Wollersheim Winery provides insight into the effects of soil properties and land characteristics on grape and wine production using precision viticulture tools.     The viticultural future of Wisconsin looks quite favorable, as the number of wineries keeps rising to meet the demand for Wisconsin wine and local consumption. As climate change continues to affect the grape varieties cultivated across the world’s wine regions, more opportunities arise for Wisconsin to cultivate cool-climate European varieties, in addition to the American and French–American hybrid varieties currently dominating grape production in this glacially influenced wine region.RÉSUMÉL'histoire viticole du Wisconsin a commencé dans les années 1840, avec les premières plantations de vigne par le Hongrois Agoston Haraszthy sur la propriété du vignoble Wollersheim situé dans la région de l’American Viticultural Area (AVA) du lac Wisconsin. Cette étude porte sur le terroir historique du vignoble Wollersheim, le seul à l'intérieur de l’AVA du lac Wisconsin, qui soit soumis à l'interaction des facteurs environnementaux qui influencent le caractère, la qualité et la variabilité des vins Wollersheim. La caractérisation et l’observation des variations spatiales du terroir à l’échelle du vignoble Wollersheim se font par l’étude de la texture du sol, sa chimie et sa minéralogie en conjonction avec des outils de viticulture de précision comme l'induction électromagnétique et la tomographie par résistivité électrique. En définissant des zones de variabilité au niveau de la parcelle et en les comparant pour deux parcelles de vignobles spécifiques (domaine Reserve et lot 19) du vignoble Wollersheim on peut mieux comprendre les effets des propriétés du sol et des caractéristiques du paysage sur la production de raisin et de vin.   Le nombre de vignoble augmentant pour répondre à la demande de vin du Wisconsin et à la demande locale, l'avenir viticole du Wisconsin semble assez prometteur. Comme le changement climatique continue d'influer sur la variétés des cépages cultivés dans les régions viticoles du monde, c’est l’occasion pour le Wisconsin de cultiver des variétés européennes de climat frais, en plus des variétés hybrides américaines et franco–américaines qui dominent actuellement la production de raisin dans ce vin glaciaire région

In-Network Video Quality Adaption using Packet Trimming at the Edge

This paper describes the effects of running innetwork quality adaption by trimming the packets of layered video streams at the edge. The video stream is transmitted using the BPP transport protocol, which is like UDP, but has been designed to be both amenable to trimming and to provide low-latency and high reliability. The traffic adaption uses the Packet Wash process of BPP on the transmitted Scalable Video Coding (SVC) video streams as they pass through a network function which is BPP-aware and embedded at the edge. Our previous work has either demonstrated the use of SDN controllers to directly implement Packet Wash, or the use of a network function in the core of the network to do the same task. This paper presents the first attempt to deploy and evaluate such a process in the edge. We compare the performance of transmitting video using BPP and the Packet Wash trimming, against alternative transmission schemes, namely TCP, UDP, and HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS). The results demonstrate that providing traffic engineering using in-network quality adaption using packet trimming, provides high quality at the receiver

NEUROZNANOST I UMJETNOST:

The objective of this article is to highlight the bidirectional relationship between neuroscience and art in the life and times of the most preeminent sculptor in modern Greek history, Yannoulis Chalepas. Analysis of biographical sources and testimonies on the life and works of Yannoulis Chalepas was performed. Findings are discussed in relation to the neuropsychiatric maladies that he faced in his lifespan and their impact on his art. Yannoulis Chalepas’ life and art are trichotomized in a charismatic, premorbid era (1851-1877), a prolonged, medieval, morbid period (1878-1917), and a transfigurative, post morbid era (1918-1938). The amalgamate of medical evidence suggests that Yannoulis Chalepas suffered from schizophrenia. That was reflected in his art through two distinct periods of artistic productivity and stylistic creativity. The bidirectional relationship between neuroscience and art in the history of humanity is also exemplified in the legacy of Yannoulis Chalepas. The borderland of artistic ingenuity with aberrant behavior, the misconceptions of neurocognitive disorders with psychosis along with their associated social stigma, the effect of artistic expression in the manifestation of psychiatric disease, as well as its healing and often transformative power are concepts that still tantalize equally scientists and artists around the globe.Cilj je ovog rada istaknuti dvosmjeran odnos između neuroznanosti i umjetnosti u životu i vremenu najistaknutijeg kipara moderne grčke povijesti Yannoulisa Chalepasa. Analizirani su biografski izvori i svjedočanstva o njegovu životu i djelu. U radu se raspravlja o prona lascima vezanim uz neuropsihijatrijske bolesti s kojima se borio tijekom svoga života i njihovu utjecaju na njegovu umjetnost. Život i umjetnost Yannoulisa Chalepasa trihotomizirani su u kategorije karizmatičnoga premorbidnog razdoblja (1851. – 1877.), produljenog, srednjovjekovnog, morbidnog razdoblja (1878. – 1917.) i transfigurativnog, postmorbidnog razdoblja (1918. – 1938.). Kombinacija medicinskih dokaza sugerira da je Yannoulis Chalepas patio od shizofrenije. To se odražavalo u njegovoj umjetnosti u dva različita razdoblja umjetničke produktivnosti i stilskog stvaralaštva. Dvosmjeran odnos između neuroznanosti i umjetnosti u povijesti čovječanstva prikazan je i u ostavštini Yannoulisa Chalepasa. Granica umjetničke genijalnosti s aberantnim ponašanjem, pogrešne predodžbe o neurokognitivnim poremećajima sa psihozom uz njihovu pridruženu društvenu stigmu, učinak umjetničkog izražavanja u manifestaciji psihijatrijske bolesti, kao i njegova iscjeljujuća i često transformativna moć koncepti su koji još uvijek jednako muče znanstvenike i umjetnike širom svijet

Towards High Precision End-to-End Video Streaming from Drones using Packet Trimming

The emergence of a number of network communication facilities such as Network Function Virtualization (NFV), Software Defined Networking (SDN), the Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), and in-network packet processing, holds a potential to meet the low latency, high precision requirements of various future multimedia applications. However, this raises the corresponding issues of how all of these elements can be used together in future networking environments, including newly developed protocols and techniques. This paper describes the architecture of an end-to-end video streaming platform for video surveillance, consisting of a UAV network domain, an edge server implementing in-network packet trimming operations with the use of Big Packet Protocol (BPP), utilization of Scalable Video Coding (SVC) and multiple video clients which connect to a network managed by an SDN controller. A Virtualized Edge Function at the drone edge utilizes SVC and in communication with the Drone Control Unit to manage the transmitted video quality. Experimental results show the potential that future multimedia applications can achieve the required high precision with the use of future network components and the consideration of their interactions

Mortality in the Bedouin Population and Proximity to a Regional Industrial Complex

Background: The study was initiated by public concern about exposure to an industrial park (IP) emission. The study examined whether mortality in the Bedouin population in the southern part of Israel is associated with the residential distance to the IP.Material and Methods: Ecological study during 1995–2001 included the entire Bedouin population. Mortality data was obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics. As an indirect measurement of exposure we used residential distance to the IP (with 20 km radius as a cut-of-point) based on residents’ complaints about odor related to the IP. Differences in mortality rates by distance were assessed by the Mantel-Haenszel relative risk (M-H RR) within the 95% CI. The country Arab population served as a reference for calculation of the age-adjusted standardized mortality ratio (SMR).Results: Increased mortality rates due to symptoms/ill-defined conditions and non-external causes were observed in the Bedouin population of both sexes, residing up to 20 km from the IP, compared to those living in more remote areas. Corresponding M-H RR (plus 95% CI) were 1.66 (1.17–2.36), 1.24 (1.06–1.44) in females, and 1.55 (1.15–2.10), 1.32 (1.15–1.52) in males.Conclusions: The study results suggest an association between residential proximity to the regional IP and increased mortality rates in the Negev Bedouin population. These findings have been accepted by the authorities as an issue for community health protection

Lab-Scale Study of the Calcium Carbonate Dissolution and Deposition by Marine Cyanobacterium Phormidium subcapitatum

Suggestions that calcification in marine organisms changes in response to global variations in seawater chemistry continue to be advanced (Wilkinson, 1979; Degens et al. 1985; Kazmierczak et al. 1986; R. Riding 1992). However, the effect of [Na+] on calcification in marine cyanobacteria has not been discussed in detail although [Na+] fluctuations reflect both temperature and sea-level fluctuations. The goal of these lab-scale studies therefore was to study the effect of environmental pH and [Na+] on CaCO3 deposition and dissolution by marine cyanobacterium Phormidium subcapitatum. Marine cyanobacterium P. subcapitatum has been cultivated in ASN-III medium. [Ca2+] fluctuations were monitored with Ca(2+) probe. Na(+) concentrations were determined by the initial solution chemistry. It was found that the balance between CaCO3 dissolution and precipitation induced by P. subcapitatum grown in neutral ASN III medium is very close to zero. No CaCO3 precipitation induced by cyanobacterial growth occurred. Growth of P. subcapitatum in alkaline ASN III medium, however, was accompanied by significant oscillations in free Ca(2+) concentration within a Na(+) concentration range of 50-400 mM. Calcium carbonate precipitation occurred during the log phase of P. subcapitatum growth while carbonate dissolution was typical for the stationary phase of P. subcapitatum growth. The highest CaCO3 deposition was observed in the range of Na(+) concentrations between 200-400 mM. Alkaline pH also induced the clamping of P. subcapitatum filaments, which appeared to have a strong affinity to envelop particles of chemically deposited CaCO3 followed by enlargement of those particles size. EDS analysis revealed the presence of Mg-rich carbonate (or magnesium calcite) in the solution containing 10-100 mM Na(+); calcite in the solution containing 200 mM Na(+); and aragonite in the solution containing with 400 mM Na(+). Typical present-day seawater contains xxmM Na(+). Early (Archean) seawater was likely less saline. The division of marine cyanobacterium P. subcapitatum is associated with periodic deposition and dissolution of CaCO3, the rhythms and intensity of which are dependent on concentrations of both OH(-) and Na(+). Thus, the role of present-day marine cyanobacteria in the global carbonate cycle might be reduced to aggregation and recrystallization of available CaCO3 particles in marine water rather than long-term precipitation and accumulation of CaCO3 deposits. For lower Na(+) concentrations, precipitation of carbonates by cyanobacteria would be even less significant. These results suggest that the lack of calcified cyanobacteria in stromatalite-bearing Precambrian sequences can be explained not only by high dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations but also by lower salinity, as well as possible lower pH compared to present-day oceans