Integration of geographical information systems and pollution dispersion models for final site selection of solid waste disposal areas

Depolama alanlarının yer seçiminde olası aday alanlar arasından kullanım için en uygun olanının seçilmesi çok sayıda kriterin ard arda ya da bir arada değerlendirilmesini gerektiren karmaşık bir süreçtir. Bu kriterlerden yalnızca birisi olan tesis çevresindeki yerleşim bölgelerinde bir koku problemine neden olunup olunmayacağı ise henüz yer seçim aşamasındayken mutlaka dikkate alınmalıdır. Bu sayede, başta koku olmak üzere atmosfer taşınımı vasıtasıyla neden olunabilecek sağlık problemlerinin önlenebilmesi de mümkün olabilir. Bu çalışmada; Kocaeli ili Gebze bölgesinde ihtiyaç duyulan 2000 dönümlük bir depolama alanı için bir yer seçimi çalışması yürütülmüştür. Bu yer seçimi çalışmalarıyla en uygun alanların belirlenmesinin ardından bu uygun alanların etraflarındaki tüm yerleşim bölgelerinde neden olabilecekleri koku maruziyeti bir kirlilik dağılım modeli yardımıyla incelenmiştir. Yerleşim bölgeleri için elde edilen bu değerler kullanılarak her bir aday alanın yerleşim bölgeleri üzerinde oluşturacağı koku etkileri büyükten küçüğe sıralanmıştır. Elde edilen en küçük etki değerine sahip aday alan en uygun alan olarak ifade edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular; değerlendirmeye alınan 8 aday alanın koku oluşturma potansiyelleri açısından bir sıralaması yapıldığında en uygun yer seçimi kararının 3 numaralı alan ve en kötü yer seçimi kararının 8 numaralı alan olduğunu göstermiştir. Ancak; bu sıralama değerleri, diğer yer seçimi kriterleri için elde edilen sıralama değerleri ile bir arada değerlendirildiğinde bir anlam ifade edecektirFrom landfills for use in the selection of areas of possible candidates selecting the most suitable one is a complex process that requires evaluation of a combination of a large number of successive criteria. This is just one of the criteria in residential areas around the plant causing an odour problem is taken into account in the selection stage. In this way, health problems, in particular scent, which can be caused by atmospheric transport, may be possible to prevent. In this study, an area of 2000 acres of storage space needed for the selection of a location study conducted in Gebze Kocaeli province. With the aid of ArcGIS software in the selection of the most suitable areas, odour exposure was analyzed causing all the work of all residential areas by a pollution dispersion model. The odour risks for each of the candidates in this field were arranged in descending order using the values obtained for residential areas. With the value obtained by the candidate with the smallest probability are expressed in the appropriate field. Hourly meteorological data obtained from the findings have shown that in the selection of the most suitable area the best decision is the number 3 and the worst decision is number 8 when a sequence of eight candidates for the potential of the area to create the smell. However, these ranking values will be significantly when the other location criteria are evaluated together with the values obtained for the ranking

Enter Culture, Exit Arts? The Transformation of Cultural Hierarchies in European Newspaper Culture Sections, 1960–2010

Peer reviewe

Retinal Layer Separation (ReLayS) method enables the molecular analysis of photoreceptor segments and cell bodies, as well as the inner retina

Understanding the physiology of the retina, and especially of the highly polarized photoreceptors, is essential not only to broaden our knowledge of the processes required for normal vision, but also to develop effective therapies to prevent or slow retinal degenerative diseases. However, the molecular analysis of photoreceptors is a challenge due to the heterogeneity of the retinal tissue and the lack of easy and reliable methods for cell separation. Here we present the ReLayS method—a simple technique for the separation of photoreceptor segments (PS) containing both inner and outer segments, outer nuclear layer (ONL), and inner retina (InR) that contains the remaining retinal layers. The layer-specific material isolated from a mouse half-retina with the ReLayS method was sufficient for protein isolation and Western blotting or RNA isolation and real-time PCR studies. The separation of PS, ONL, and InR was successfully validated by Western blotting and real-time PCR using proteins and genes with known expression profiles within the retina. Furthermore, the separation of the PS from the ONL enabled the detection of light-driven translocation of transducin from the PS to the soma. ReLayS is a simple and useful method to address protein and possibly metabolites distribution in photoreceptor compartments in various situations including development, ageing, and degenerative diseases

PAH/PCB CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSSELS (MYTILUS GALLOPROVINCIALIS) FROM IZMIT BAY

Abstract PAH and PCB concentrations were determined in mussel samples collected from Izmit Bay at the east of marmara Sea. The samples were taken from ten points in spring season and analyzed by gas chromatography after ultrasonic extraction. Total PAH concentrations varied between 2.5-13.9 ng.g-wet wt., while the total PCB concentrations were between 4.2-140.7 ng.g-wet wt. The results indicates a considerable pollution problem in the bay, especially with respect to PCBs

Deficits in mitochondrial TCA cycle and OXPHOS precede rod photoreceptor degeneration during chronic HIF activation

Background: Major retinal degenerative diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and retinal detachment, are associated with a local decrease in oxygen availability causing the formation of hypoxic areas affecting the photoreceptor (PR) cells. Here, we addressed the underlying pathological mechanisms of PR degeneration by focusing on energy metabolism during chronic activation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) in rod PR. Methods: We used two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) of genetically encoded biosensors delivered by adeno-associated viruses (AAV) to determine lactate and glucose dynamics in PR and inner retinal cells. Retinal layer-specific proteomics, in situ enzymatic assays and immunofluorescence studies were used to analyse mitochondrial metabolism in rod PRs during chronic HIF activation. Results: PRs exhibited remarkably higher glycolytic flux through the hexokinases than neurons of the inner retina. Chronic HIF activation in rods did not cause overt change in glucose dynamics but an increase in lactate production nonetheless. Furthermore, dysregulation of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway (OXPHOS) and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in rods with an activated hypoxic response decelerated cellular anabolism causing shortening of rod photoreceptor outer segments (OS) before onset of cell degeneration. Interestingly, rods with deficient OXPHOS but an intact TCA cycle did not exhibit these early signs of anabolic dysregulation and showed a slower course of degeneration. Conclusion: Together, these data indicate an exceeding high glycolytic flux in rods and highlight the importance of mitochondrial metabolism and especially of the TCA cycle for PR survival in conditions of increased HIF activity

Co-Culture of Keratinocyte-Staphylococcus aureus on Cu-Ag-Zn/CuO and Cu-Ag-W Nanoparticle Loaded Bacterial Cellulose:PMMA Bandages

Pressurized gyration and its sister processes are novel methods to produce polymeric fibers. Potential applications for such fibers include wound dressings, tissue engineering scaffolds, and filters. This study reports on a pressurized gyration technique that employs pressured N2 gas to prepare biocompatible wound dressing bandages from bacterial cellulose and poly (methylmethacrylate) polymer blended with alloyed antimicrobial nanoparticles. Resulting bandages are manufactured with high product yield and characterized for their chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. Increased density in solutions with additional antimicrobial nanoparticles results in increased fiber diameters. Also, addition of antimicrobial nanoparticles enhances ultimate tensile strength and Young's modulus of the bandages. Typical molecular bonding in the bandages is confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, with peaks that have higher intensity and narrowing points being caused by additional antimicrobial nanoparticles. More so, the cellular response to the bandages and the accompanying antimicrobial activity are studied in detail by in vitro co-culture of Staphylococcus aureus and keratinocytes. Antimicrobial nanoparticle-loaded bandage samples show increased cell viability and bacteria inhibition during co-culture and are found to have a promising future as epidermal wound dressing materials

Genome-Wide Transcriptional Reorganization Associated with Senescence-to-Immortality Switch during Human Hepatocellular Carcinogenesis

Cataloged from PDF version of article.Senescence is a permanent proliferation arrest in response to cell stress such as DNA damage. It contributes strongly to tissue aging and serves as a major barrier against tumor development. Most tumor cells are believed to bypass the senescence barrier (become "immortal") by inactivating growth control genes such as TP53 and CDKN2A. They also reactivate telomerase reverse transcriptase. Senescence-to-immortality transition is accompanied by major phenotypic and biochemical changes mediated by genome-wide transcriptional modifications. This appears to happen during hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development in patients with liver cirrhosis, however, the accompanying transcriptional changes are virtually unknown. We investigated genome-wide transcriptional changes related to the senescence-to-immortality switch during hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Initially, we performed transcriptome analysis of senescent and immortal clones of Huh7 HCC cell line, and identified genes with significant differential expression to establish a senescence-related gene list. Through the analysis of senescence-related gene expression in different liver tissues we showed that cirrhosis and HCC display expression patterns compatible with senescent and immortal phenotypes, respectively; dysplasia being a transitional state. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that cirrhosis/senescence-associated genes were preferentially expressed in non-tumor tissues, less malignant tumors, and differentiated or senescent cells. In contrast, HCC/immortality genes were up-regulated in tumor tissues, or more malignant tumors and progenitor cells. In HCC tumors and immortal cells genes involved in DNA repair, cell cycle, telomere extension and branched chain amino acid metabolism were up-regulated, whereas genes involved in cell signaling, as well as in drug, lipid, retinoid and glycolytic metabolism were down-regulated. Based on these distinctive gene expression features we developed a 15-gene hepatocellular immortality signature test that discriminated HCC from cirrhosis with high accuracy. Our findings demonstrate that senescence bypass plays a central role in hepatocellular carcinogenesis engendering systematic changes in the transcription of genes regulating DNA repair, proliferation, differentiation and metabolism