Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Sciences : structural adjustment policies and the management of soil- and forest resources in Tanzania

The Ecology and Development Programme aims at identifying effects of Stabilisation and Structural Adjustment Policies (SAP) on the management of soil and forest resources in Tanzania. For studying the effects of policy changes on soil degradation and deforestation, economywide models are necessary. Tentative conclusions indicate both positive and negative environmental effects of the SAP. Negative effects may to a large extent be dealt with through policies directed at the specific problem, e.g., where the SAP increases the profitability of extracting an open access resource this can effectively be addressed by introducing a tenure regime which restricts access to the resource. This points to the possibility of designing environmental policies that are compatible with the aims of structural adjustment

Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Sciences : structural adjustment policies and the management of soil- and forest resources in Tanzania

SupplementThe Ecology and Development Programme aims at identifying effects of Stabilisation and Structural Adjustment Policies (SAP) on the management of soil and forest resources in Tanzania. For studying the effects of policy changes on soil degradation and deforestation, economywide models are necessary. Tentative conclusions indicate both positive and negative environmental effects of the SAP. Negative effects may to a large extent be dealt with through policies directed at the specific problem, e.g., where the SAP increases the profitability of extracting an open access resource this can effectively be addressed by introducing a tenure regime which restricts access to the resource. This points to the possibility of designing environmental policies that are compatible with the aims of structural adjustment

Iron Production in North Pare, Tanzania : Archaeometallurgical and Geoarchaeological Perspectives on Landscape Change

Archaeology, archaeometallurgy and geoarchaeology are combined in this research to examine the chronology and development of iron metallurgy and its environmental repercussions in North Pare, Tanzania. Pare was a prominent centre for iron production from at least the second half of the first millennium AD, and it has been assumed that this technologywith its demand for wood charcoalhad a significant and detrimental effect on local forest cover. This research sought to examine this claim by exploring the spatial, chronological and technological characteristics of iron production in Pare in conjunction with geoarchaeological evidence. Contrary to older assumptions, our results demonstrate that erosion processes were well established in North Pare before the documented intensification of smelting and smithing activity, and that iron production continued despite environmental changes. We suggest that although iron production may well have contributed to deforestation and erosion in Pare, it is unlikely to be the sole causal factor