Design and Study of Swirl Injector of Pulse Detonation Engine

Future Indian Air force and Navy Capabilities indicate the need for a supersonic cruise missile. Therefore, there exists a need for a low cost, light-weight, and efficient means of supersonic propulsion. In this paper my main emphasis on Pulse Detonation Engine, in pulse detonation engine humphey cycle is used ,PDE has thermodynamic efficiency greater than 50% as compared to 35% for present day propulsion technology constant-pressure Brayton cycle currently in use in gas turbines/ramjets/scramjets. Pulse Detonation Engines (PDE's) represent an upcoming new approach to propulsion and with the simplicity of its construction; PDE's produce thrust more efficiently than the current engines and produces a higher specific thrust. Since current rocket engines require heavy and expensive pumps; with mechanical simplicity and thermodynamic efficiency PDE's offer a viable alternative to reduce the cost of launching spacecraft

RNA Vaccine: novel approach for cancer treatment

Cancer is still an unsolved puzzle and a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the world. Today, about one in every thousand people is dying due to cancer. No effective agent has yet been found which can cure cancer in its metastatic stage. However, attempts in the shape of chemotherapy, immunotherapy and vaccines are made worldwide to find a remedy through a proper regimen. In continuation, tumor specific mRNA has been introduced as part of vaccines in recent days. It is mostly used in transfection with Dendritic Cells (DCs) for better effectiveness and safety. The DCs are selected for transfection because they are highly potent Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) with the ability to take up & process tumor antigen in peripheral blood & tissues and can also migrate to the draining lymph nodes to present antigen to naïve T lymphocytes & induce the immune response.
Although initially the RNA vaccination was administered alone, due to its unstable and easily degradable nature, it was found to be quite less effective, which led it to be used in combination with some stability enhancers’ viz. RNA packaging in liposomes. They not only increased its stability, but even worked as active immune stimulators as well. RNA could remain stable. Although it showed significant promise in cancer treatment, immune suppression was noticed after vaccination. To enhance the effectiveness it is now being used in combination with few drugs viz. SUNITINIB which can reduce the suppressive effect of suppressor cells. It might be a good choice for combined therapy with RNA vaccine.
&#xa

Navier's slip condition and magnetic field effects on unsteady stagnation point flow subject to a stretched plate along to viscous dissipation and Joule heating utilizing nanofluids

861-876This article mainly addresses Navier's slip boundary condition impact on two-dimensional, unsteady magneto hydrodynamic flow of electrically conducting viscous nanofluids adjacent to stagnation region due to a stretchable wall along to viscous dissipation and Joule heating. Nanofluids are taken namely silver-water, copper-water, titanium dioxide-water and alumina-water. Transformation procedure applied reduces the set of nonlinear partial differential equations into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Resulting governing boundary layer equations are numerically solved by establishing a Keller-box method. Effects of different nanofluids, stretching parameter, slip parameter; solid volume fraction, unsteadiness parameter, magnetic parameter and Eckert number on velocity and temperature distributions are illustrated via graphs and explained in details. Computational values of local skin friction and local Nusselt number for influences of specified parameters are found out and indicated in tabular mode. Moreover, dual solutions exist by cause of negative values of unsteadiness parameter in fluid flow, fluid temperature, wall shear stress and wall heat flux

Information and Communication Technologies for Development (IC T4D) in Indonesia: Opportunities and Challenges

Information and CommunicationTechnologies (ICTs) are now advancing quickly in emerging markets such as Indonesia. Between 80-95% of the Indonesian population already has access to mobile phones while Internet access, increasingly via mobile phones, is growing rapidly. In 2012, at least 20% of Indonesians had some form of Internet access—nearly half of who access Internet via mobile phones. The number of Indonesians online has doubled in the two years since 2010. As the uptake of mobile phones and mobile Internet has swiftly increased, so to has the use of social media. Facebook, in particular, has for many Indonesians become the Internet. There are nearly the same number of Facebook users as Internet users in Indonesia; and increasingly now for many new Internet users the rst interaction with the Internet is through accessing Facebook applications already loaded onto even basic (non-smart) mobile phones. At the same time, throughout emerging markets around the world in Africa, Latin America, and Asia, development practioners are increasingly focusing on how ICTs can be used for social and economic development purposes. Over the past decade, development organizations focusing on issues ranging from micro nance to disaster relief have increasingly begun to utilize mobile phones— and to a lesser extent, the Internet—to provide better access to services needed by marginalized and poor target groups.This study aims to provide an overview of the varied ways in which ICTs for development, or ICT4D, has taken root in Indonesia and to examine the opportunities and challenges that remain for ICT4D advocates as the variety and reach of ICTs continues to grow in Indonesia

Voltage modulated electro-luminescence spectroscopy and negative capacitance - the role of sub-bandgap states in light emitting devices

Voltage modulated electroluminescence spectra and low frequency ({\leq} 100 kHz) impedance characteristics of electroluminescent diodes are studied. Voltage modulated light emission tracks the onset of observed negative capacitance at a forward bias level for each modulation frequency. Active participation of sub-bandgap defect states in minority carrier recombination dynamics is sought to explain the results. Negative capacitance is understood as a necessary dielectric response to compensate any irreversible transient changes in the minority carrier reservoir due to radiative recombinations mediated by slowly responding sub-bandgap defects. Experimentally measured variations of the in-phase component of modulated electroluminescence spectra with forward bias levels and modulation frequencies support the dynamic influence of these states in the radiative recombination process. Predominant negative sign of the in-phase component of voltage modulated electroluminescence signal further confirms the bi-molecular nature of light emission. We also discuss how these states can actually affect the net density of minority carriers available for radiative recombination. Results indicate that these sub-bandgap states can suppress external quantum efficiency of such devices under high frequency operation commonly used in optical communication.Comment: 21 pages, 4 sets of figure

Imunosno posredovana genska ekspresija IL-6 i TGF-β1 za vrijeme progresije i regresije zaraznog veneričnog tumora u pasa

Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is a unique, naturally and experimentally transmitted contagious venereal tumor of dogs which is commonly present in stray dogs exhibiting unrestrained sexual activity. The mutated and contagious tumor cell is the causative agent. This study was conducted to evaluate the genetic expression of TGF-β1 and IL-6 cytokines, T-cell response towards Concanavalin A and hematological and biochemical changes during the progression and regression of the CTVT. The signalment and clinical history of 12 client-owned TVT affected dogs were recorded. Tissue samples were obtained through biopsy, and blood samples were collected for diagnostic confirmation using reverse transcriptase PCR. The RT-PCR products from CTVT samples were further purified and sequenced. Regression of the tumor was performed using intravenous injections of vincristine sulphate at weekly intervals. Significant genetic expression of TGF-β1 was observed in the progressive phase of CTVT, whereas genetic expression of IL-6 was significant in the regressive phase of CTVT after chemotherapy. Cell- mediated immunity also plays an important role in the regression of canine transmissible venereal tumors. Notably, a significant (P0.05) changes in the number of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils, and slight hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia were observed after chemotherapy with vincristine sulphate in CTVT affected animals. Overall, our results delineate the critical roles of T cells, TGF-β1 and IL-6 in triggering the progression and regression of CTVT, which can be promising in developing potential immunotherapy against CTVT.Zarazni venerični tumor u pasa (CTVT) jedinstven je, prirodno i eksperimentalno prenosiv kontagiozni venerični tumor, koji se obično nalazi u pasa lutalica s nekontroliranom seksualnom aktivnošću. Uzrokuje ga mutirana i kontagiozna tumorska stanica. Ovo je istraživanje provedeno kako bi se procijenila genska ekspresija citokina TGF-β1 i IL-6, odgovor T-stanica na konkanavalin A te hematološke i biokemijske promjene za vrijeme progresije i regresije CTVT-a. Zabilježeni su klinički znakovi i povijest bolesti 12 pasa sa zaraznim veneričnim tumorom. Uzorci tkiva dobiveni su biopsijom i krvnim uzorcima prikupljenima za dijagnostičku potvrdu upotrebom PCR reverzne transkriptaze. RT-PCR produkti CTVT uzoraka zatim su pročišćeni i sekvencirani. Tumorska je regresija postignuta tjednim intravenskim injekcijama vinkristin-sulfata. Znakovita genska ekspresija TGF-β1 uočena je u fazi progresije CTVT-a, dok je genska ekspresija IL-6 bila znakovita u fazi regresije CTVT-a nakon kemoterapije. Stanično posredovana imunost također je važna u regresiji zaraznog veneričnog tumora. Opažen je znakovit porast (P 0,05) broja neutrofila, limfocita, monocita i eozinofila te blaga hipoproteinemija i hipoalbuminemija poslije kemoterapije vinkristin-sulfatom u životinja s CTVT-om. Sveukupno rezultati naznačuju ključnu ulogu T-stanica, TGF-β1 i IL-6 u poticanju regresije i progresije CTVT-a, što može biti obećavajuće u razvoju potencijalne imunoterapije za CTVT

Drug prescribing pattern in patients of myocardial infarction in a tertiary care teaching hospital of North India

Background: The term acute myocardial infarction (MI) should be used when there is evidence of myocardial necrosis in a clinical setting consistent with acute myocardial ischemia. Aims of this study were to assess drug prescribing pattern in patients of myocardial infarction and to compare prevalence of MI according to age, gender, diet, smoker or non-smoker, alcoholic or non-alcoholic, family history of cardiovascular disease.Methods: This observational study was conducted at department of pharmacology, in association with department of cardiology and included all patients of myocardial infarction visiting cardiology outpatient department or indoor patients and proforma was used to evaluate drug prescribing pattern.Results: Total 200 patients of acute myocardial infarction were analysed. Incidence of MI was more common in males (76%); age group 51-60 years (28.5%); non-vegetarians (68.5%); smokers (52.5%) and reduced physical activity (70.5%). 59.5% of patients had family history of cardiovascular disease. Commonly prescribed drugs were antiplatelets (100%) followed by hypolipidemic (99.5%), proton pump inhibitors (92%), antianginal (90.5%), anticoagulants (68.5%), thrombolytics (24.5%).Conclusions: This study provides insight towards drug prescribing pattern in MI patients. Most frequently prescribed drugs were antiplatelets followed by hypolipidemic and proton pump inhibitors. Patients had multiple risk factors and these can be reduced by lifestyle modifications