On the Stochastic Quantization Method: Characteristics and Applications to Singular Systems

Introducing the generalized Langevin equation, we extend the stochastic quantization method so as to deal with singular dynamical systems beyond the ordinary territory of quantum mechanics. We also show how the uncertainty relation is built up to the quantum mechanical limit with respect to fictitious time, irrespective of its initial value, within the framework of the usual stochastic quantization method

Analytical Solution to the Fokker-Planck Equation with a Bottomless Action

A new Langevin equation with a field-dependent kernel is proposed to deal with bottomless systems within the framework of the stochastic quantization of Parisi and Wu. The corresponding Fokker-Planck equation is shown to be a diffusion-type equation and is solved analytically. An interesting connection between the solution with the ordinary Feynman measure, which in this case is not normalizable, is clarified.Comment: 9 pages, DPUR 66, plain Te

Micro-PIXE (Particle Induced X-Ray Emission) Analysis of Aluminum in Rat-Liver Using MeV Heavy Ion Microprobes

Heavy ion microprobes (HIM) such as 3 MeV Si2+ and 3 MeV p2+ have been applied to the elemental analysis by PIXE (proton-induced X-ray emission). It was found that silicon and phosphorus microprobes have several times higher sensitivity for aluminum Kα X-rays than 2 MeV proton microprobes, and detection limits were more favorable in a phosphorus microprobe. Using a 3 MeV p2+ microprobe, the liver of a rat, which had been injected with aluminum-lactate, was investigated and it was found that aluminum segregates in areas with a dimension of about 10 μm. These areas could hardly be observed with 2 MeV proton microprobes

Complex formation of collagen model peptides with polyelectrolytes and stabilization of the triple helical structure

Terao K., Kanenaga R., Sato T., et al. Complex formation of collagen model peptides with polyelectrolytes and stabilization of the triple helical structure. Macromolecules, 45(1), 392-400, December 7, 2011. Copyright © 2011, American Chemical Society. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma202176w

Shape analysis of rectus extraocular muscles with age and axial length using anterior segment optical coherence tomography

Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the shape of the extraocular muscles (EOMs) in normal subjects using the en-face images of anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). The EOM insertion and the direction of the muscle fibers were investigated. Subjects and methods A total of 97 healthy normal subjects (194 eyes) at Okayama University Hospital (age, 47.1±21.5 years; range, 8–79 years) participated in the study. A series of 256 tomographic images of the rectus EOMs were captured using the C-scan function of the AS-OCT (CASIA2, TOMEY Co., Japan), and the images were converted to en-face images in multi-TIFF format. The anterior chamber angle to EOM insertion distance (AID) and the angle of the muscle fibers from the insertion site (angle of muscles) were measured from the images. The correlations of AID and angle of muscles with age and axial length were investigated and evaluated. Results AID and angle of muscles were significantly correlated with age or axial length in some EOMs. The AIDs of medial rectus (MR) (P = 0.000) and superior rectus (SR) (P = 0.005) shortened with age. The AIDs of MR (P = 0.001) and inferior rectus (IR) (P = 0.035) elongated with axial length, whereas lateral rectus (LR) (P = 0.013) shortened. The angles of MR (P = 0.001) and LR (P = 0.000) were found to have a more downward direction toward the posterior in older subjects. Conclusion En-face images can be created by AS-OCT, and the shape of the EOMs in normal subjects using these image measurements was available. With the ability to assess the EOMs, AID and angle of muscles are expected give useful information for treating and diagnosing strabismus-related diseases

Electron Microscopic Studies on the Ultrastructure of Curdlan and Other Polysaccharides in Gels Used in Foods

Curdlan gels form either by neutralization of alkaline solutions or by heating aqueous suspensions. The former gels consist of long rnicrofibrils, 20 to 25 nm wide, made up of subunits, 2-3 nm wide. The microfibrils disintegrate on sonication into fibril units which on heating loosen and release thinner elementary fibrils, 1-3 mm wide. Heated gels are composed of electron-dense structures in pseudocrystalline form. Preparations having their average degree of polymerization (DPn) 200, are unable to form gels. Agar, K- and t-carrageenans, and konjac glucomannan gels formed by cooling of heated sols have structures similar to gels produced by neutralization of their alkaline solutions. Both neutralized and heat-induced gels are composed of long microfibrils, about 5-25 run wide. Viscous solutions of A-carrageenan, scleroglucan, succinoglycan, xanthan gum, pullulan, and dextran are composed of shorter rnicrofibrils, 1-2 nm wide. Sodium salts of K-carrageenan, alginate, gellan gum, and low-methoxyl pectin form gels in the presence of potassium or calcium ions. The microfibrils in these gels are considerably longer and/or wider than in the sols. Locust bean gum does not gel alone but yields gels containing fibrous or globular forms when mixed in solution with xanthan gum or K-carrageenan and potassium ions. Fibrous structures of amylose and amylopectin in starch gels appear to be similar. Short-chain amylose (D!\u27n 57 and 78) consists of branched microfibrils about 10 mm wide. Molecular association resulting in the formation of long and/or wide rnicrofibrils in rod-like or globular forms is supposedly one of the prerequisites for polysaccharides to form gels