Leukotrienes provide an NFAT-dependent signal that synergizes with IL-33 to activate ILC2s.

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and type 2 helper T cells (Th2 cells) are the primary source of interleukin 5 (IL-5) and IL-13 during type 2 (allergic) inflammation in the lung. In Th2 cells, T cell receptor (TCR) signaling activates the transcription factors nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and activator protein 1 (AP-1) to induce type 2 cytokines. ILC2s lack a TCR and respond instead to locally produced cytokines such as IL-33. Although IL-33 induces AP-1 and NF-κB, NFAT signaling has not been described in ILC2s. In this study, we report a nonredundant NFAT-dependent role for lipid-derived leukotrienes (LTs) in the activation of lung ILC2s. Using cytokine reporter and LT-deficient mice, we find that complete disruption of LT signaling markedly diminishes ILC2 activation and downstream responses during type 2 inflammation. Type 2 responses are equivalently attenuated in IL-33- and LT-deficient mice, and optimal ILC2 activation reflects potent synergy between these pathways. These findings expand our understanding of ILC2 regulation and may have important implications for the treatment of airways disease

Figuring and smoothing capabilities of elastic emission machining for low-thermal-expansion glass optics

The use of elastic emission machining (EEM) for fabricating optics from low-thermal-expansion glass for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography is examined. EUV optics require figure accuracy and surface roughness of 0.1 nm root mean square (rms) or better. EEM using a rotating-sphere head is demonstrated to achieve this level of surface smoothness after a certain depth of removal dependent on the material being processed. In tests of continuous machining for 12 h, no increase in surface roughness is observed, demonstrating the high temporal stability of this noncontact processing method. EEM using a rotating-sphere head is thus confirmed to have sufficient figuring and smoothing capability for the fabrication of EUV optics. © 2007 American Vacuum Society.M. Kanaoka et al. "Figuring and smoothing capabilities of elastic emission machining for low-thermal-expansion glass optics", Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena 25, 2110-2113 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1116/1.2789440

Factors that contribute to faecal cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression in subjects with colorectal cancer

浜松医科大学学位論文　医博第600号（平成23年3月16日

Artificial selection reveals the role of transcriptional constraints in the maintenance of life history variation

This is the final version. Available on open access from Wiley via the DOI in this recordThe trade‐off between reproduction and self‐maintenance is a cornerstone of life history theory, yet its proximate underpinnings are elusive. Here, we used an artificial selection approach to create replicated lines of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) that differ genetically in their reproductive investment. Whole transcriptome sequencing revealed that females from lines selected for high reproductive output show a consistent upregulation of genes associated with reproduction but a simultaneous downregulation of immune genes. Concordant phenotypic differences in immune function (i.e., specific antibody response against keyhole limpet hemocyanin) were observed between the selection lines, even in males who do not provide parental care. Our findings demonstrate the key role of obligate transcriptional constraints in the maintenance of life history variation. These constraints set fundamental limits to productivity and health in natural and domestic animal populations.Universität ZürichKAKENHISchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschun

Dectin-2 mediates Th2 immunity through the generation of cysteinyl leukotrienes

Dectin-2 expression on GM-CSF–cultured bone marrow cells is required for the generation of cysteinyl leukotrienes and Th2 cytokines in response to the house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae in vivo