Une endoscopie redoutable [A terrible endoscopy].

International audienceNous exposons ici le cas d’un lymphome intra-vasculaire diagnostiqué sur biopsies duodénales réalisées dans le cadre du bilan d’une altération de l’état général et de douleurs épigastriques évoluant depuis 3 mois chez un homme de 77 ans. Cette entité très rare, appartient au sous-groupe des lymphomes B diffus à grandes cellules dans la classification OMS 2008. Il se caractérise par une localisation quasi exclusive des cellules lymphomateuses dans les capillaires et les vaisseaux de petit calibre. Le pronostic de cette hémopathie généralement diagnostiquée post mortem reste de nos jours très péjoratif, notamment du fait du retard diagnostic en lien avec le caractère peu spécifique des symptômes. L’originalité de notre cas tient à son diagnostic précoce réalisé sur biopsies duodénales dans un contexte de douleurs épigastriques sans anomalie endoscopique, révélant une atteinte viscérale disséminée confirmée par TEP scanner et myélogramme. L’atteinte ganglionnaire et l’infiltration médullaire permettent également de discuter le sous-type rarissime dit « asiatique »

Cytoplasmic PAR-3 protein expression is associated with adverse prognostic factors in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and independently impacts survival.

International audienceClear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCCs) represent 70% of renal cancers, and several clinical and histolopathological factors are implicated in their prognosis. We recently demonstrated that the overexpression of PAR-3 protein encoded by the PARD3 gene could be implicated in renal oncogenesis. The object of this work was to study the association of intratumoral PAR-3 expression with known prognostic parameters and clinical outcome. In this aim, PAR-3 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in ccRCC tumors of 101 patients from 2003 to 2005. The immunostaining of PAR-3 was scored either as membranous (mPAR-3) or as both membranous and cytoplasmic (cPAR-3). Cytoplasmic PAR-3 was significantly associated with worse histopathological and clinical prognostic factors: Fuhrman grades 3 and 4, tumor necrosis, sarcomatoid component, adrenal invasion, renal and hilar fat invasion, eosinophilic component, a noninactivated VHL gene, higher tumor grade, lymph node involvement, metastasis, and worse clinical Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group and S classification scores. After multivariate analysis, 2 parameters were independently associated with cPAR-3: necrosis and eosinophilic components. In addition, cPAR-3 patients had shorter overall and progression-free survivals independently from strong prognostic validated factors like metastases. A cytoplasmic expression of PAR-3 is therefore implicated in worse clinical and pathological cancer features in ccRCC and could be useful to identify patients with high-risk tumors

Ki-67 is an independent predictor of prostate cancer death in routine needle biopsy samples: proving utility for routine assessments

International audienceStandard clinical parameters fail to accurately differentiate indolent from aggressive prostate cancer. Our previous studies showed that immunohistochemical testing for Ki-67 improved prediction of prostate cancer death in a previous cohort of conservatively treated clinically localized prostate cancer. However there is a need for validation of usage with whole biopsy sections rather than tissue micro-arrays for use in routine diagnostics. Prostate cancer biopsy cases were identified in the UK, between 1990 and 2003, treated conservatively. Tumor extent and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) serum measurements were available. Biopsy cases were centrally reviewed by three uropathologists and Gleason conformed to contemporary ISUP 2014 criteria. Follow-up was through cancer registries up until 2012. Deaths were divided into those from prostate cancer and those from other causes. The percentage of Ki-67 in tumor cells was evaluated by immunohistochemistry on whole biopsy sections and was available for 756 patients. This percentage was used in analysis of cancer specific survival using a Cox proportional hazards model. In univariate analysis, the interquartile hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence intervals) for continuous Ki-67 was 1.68 (1.49, 1.89), χ 1 2 = 47.975, P < 0.001. In grade groups 1 and 2, continuous Ki-67 was a statistically significant predictor of time to death from prostate cancer, HR (95% CI) = 1.97 (1.34, 2.88), χ 1 2 = 9.017, p = 0.003. In multivariate analysis, continuous Ki-67 added significant predictive information to that provided by grade groups, extent of disease and serum PSA, HR (95% CI) = 1.34 (1.16, 1.54), Δχ 1 2 = 13.703, P < 0.001. We now advocate the introduction of Ki-67 as a viable and practicable prognostic biomarker in clinical practice. The association of Ki-67 with mortality was highest in grade groups 1 and 2, showing that Ki-67 can be used as a routine biomarker in patients being considered for active surveillance

The Transcriptomic Landscape of Prostate Cancer Development and Progression: An Integrative Analysis

Next-generation sequencing of primary tumors is now standard for transcriptomic studies, but microarray-based data still constitute the majority of available information on other clinically valuable samples, including archive material. Using prostate cancer (PC) as a model, we developed a robust analytical framework to integrate data across different technical platforms and disease subtypes to connect distinct disease stages and reveal potentially relevant genes not identifiable from single studies alone. We reconstructed the molecular profile of PC to yield the first comprehensive insight into its development, by tracking changes in mRNA levels from normal prostate to high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and metastatic disease. A total of nine previously unreported stage-specific candidate genes with prognostic significance were also found. Here, we integrate gene expression data from disparate sample types, disease stages and technical platforms into one coherent whole, to give a global view of the expression changes associated with the development and progression of PC from normal tissue through to metastatic disease. Summary and individual data are available online at the Prostate Integrative Expression Database (PIXdb), a user-friendly interface designed for clinicians and laboratory researchers to facilitate translational research

The Transcriptomic Landscape of Prostate Cancer Development and Progression: An Integrative Analysis

Next-generation sequencing of primary tumors is now standard for transcriptomic studies, but microarray-based data still constitute the majority of available information on other clinically valuable samples, including archive material. Using prostate cancer (PC) as a model, we developed a robust analytical framework to integrate data across different technical platforms and disease subtypes to connect distinct disease stages and reveal potentially relevant genes not identifiable from single studies alone. We reconstructed the molecular profile of PC to yield the first comprehensive insight into its development, by tracking changes in mRNA levels from normal prostate to high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and metastatic disease. A total of nine previously unreported stage-specific candidate genes with prognostic significance were also found. Here, we integrate gene expression data from disparate sample types, disease stages and technical platforms into one coherent whole, to give a global view of the expression changes associated with the development and progression of PC from normal tissue through to metastatic disease. Summary and individual data are available online at the Prostate Integrative Expression Database (PIXdb), a user-friendly interface designed for clinicians and laboratory researchers to facilitate translational research

Wild-type VHL Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinomas Are a Distinct Clinical and Histologic Entity: A 10-Year Follow-up

International audienceBackground: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is an aggressive tumor with 50% risk of metastases at initial diagnosis or at follow-up. An inactivation of the tumor-suppressor gene von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) is present in &gt;70% of sporadic cases by two of three different mechanisms: locus deletion, gene mutation, or promoter hypermethylation. Objective: To correlate the complete status of the VHL gene with clinical and pathologic criteria. Design, setting, and participants We retrospectively included 98 patients with ccRCC who underwent surgery between 2002 and 2005. VHL gene deletions (71 of 98; 72.4%), mutations (68 of 98; 69.4%), and promoter hypermethylations (13 of 98; 13.3%) were screened by gene copy analysis, gene sequencing, and methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, respectively. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Relationships between VHL subgroups and the studied criteria were analyzed using chi-square and Student t tests. Survival was analyzed with the log-rank test and Kaplan-Meier curves. Results and limitations: Compared with ccRCCs with two events (66.3%), tumors with no or one genetic event (33.6%) were associated with a higher nuclear grade IV (p = 0.02), metastases (p = 0.04), sarcomatoid component (p = 0.01), dense lymphocyte infiltrate (p = 0.013), and vascular endothelial growth factor overexpression (&gt;30%) (p = 0.003), which was also an independent factor after multivariate analysis. Furthermore, wild-type VHL tumors (no inactivating event, 11.2%) were associated with nodal involvement (p = 0.019), and patients with this type of tumor had a specific survival of 33 mo compared with patients with ccRCCs having one or two VHL inactivating events (107 mo; p = 0.016). The retrospective design with small number of wild-type tumors was a limitation of this work. Conclusions: This long-term study (10-yr clinical follow-up) confirms that ccRCCs with wild-type VHL are highly aggressive tumors that need to be formally identified. Patient summary Among activated VHL tumors, the wild-type subgroup defines an aggressive phenotype with worse survival rates, suggesting that these tumors must be more thoroughly screene

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma : metastatic phenotype and resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy

Le carcinome rénal à cellules claires (ccRCC) est la tumeur du rein la plus fréquente. Il se caractérise par une inactivation fréquente du gène suppresseur de tumeur VHL retrouvée dans 70% des tumeurs conduisant à une transcription des gènes cibles du facteur de transcription HIF dont le VEGF. Il s’agit d’une tumeur agressive métastatique chez 50% des patients. Le sunitinib, un inhibiteur des récepteurs tyrosine kinase anti-angiogénique, est actuellement le plus utilisé en 1ère ligne malgré 30% des patients qui progressent rapidement. L’avènement d’un nouvel anti-angiogénique ciblant MET (cabozantinib) et d’immunomodulateurs (anticorps anti-PD-1, nivolumab) rend cruciale la découverte de facteurs prédictifs de réponse au traitement. Dans une 1ére partie, nous avons étudié une série rétrospective de 98 ccRCC consécutifs pour lesquels nous souhaitions étudiés le statut VHL complet et le corréler à l’expression de PD-L1. De plus, alors que le pronostic est différent entre ccRCC métastatiques synchrones (d’emblée) et métachrones (à distance), leur phénotype n’avait jamais été comparé. Pour cela, nous avons effectué une analyse histologique des principaux facteurs pronostiques, immunohistochimique (CAIX, VEGF, PAR3, PD-1 et PD-L1) et moléculaire (statut complet VHL : délétion, mutation et méthylation du promoteur) corrélée à la survie spécifique. Nous avons démontré que le statut VHL non-inactivé (niVHL) était associé à la présence de métastases synchrones, une composante sarcomatoïde, un infiltrat lymphocytaire dense, une surexpression de VEGF, une expression de PD-L1 et à un mauvais pronostic. Nous avons aussi comparé les phénotypes des ccRCC métastatiques métachrones et synchrones. Ces derniers étaient associés à une  composante sarcomatoïde, une expression cytoplasmique de PAR-3, une surexpression de VEGFA, un statut niVHL et à un mauvais pronostic depuis le diagnostic des métastases. Dans une 2ème partie, nous avons étudié une série rétrospective de 90 ccRCC métastatiques consécutifs traités par sunitinib en première ligne afin d’identifier des facteurs prédictifs de réponse ou de résistance. Nous avons utilisé les mêmes techniques que précédemment avec en plus le statut MET (mutation en NGS et expression en IHC). Les patients ont été classés en résistants primaires, intermédiaires et longs répondeurs en fonction de la durée de leur réponse évaluée par des critères radiologiques (RECIST). Nous avons aussi caractérisé le profil génétique de 73 ccRCC de cette série par CGH array pour lesquels nous disposions de congélation. Les patients résistants primaires avaient plus souvent un mauvais pronostic (score de Heng), des métastases hépatiques, une infiltration de la graisse hilaire. Sur le plan cytogénétique, leurs tumeurs présentaient des altérations génétiques plus nombreuses tant au niveau des gains que des pertes. Parmi ces altérations récurrentes, étaient décrites les gains du 5p, 7p, 8q22.1-qter et la perte de la région 6q21-q25.3. Le modèle de Cox multivarié mettait en évidence 4 facteurs indépendants : le score de Heng, des métastases hépatiques, une infiltration de la graisse hilaire et le gain du 8q qui intégrés dans un nomogramme pronostique avaient un c-index de 0.74 et 0.77 pour la survie sans progression et la survie globale. En conclusion, notre étude a permis d’identifier un sous-type de ccRCC avec un statut niVHL de mauvais pronostic qu’il conviendrait d’étudier de manière plus approfondie sur le plan génomique. De plus, nous avons montré une différence de phénotype entre les ccRCC des patients métastatiques synchrones et métachrones alors que leur prise en charge est actuellement équivalente. Enfin nous avons mis en évidence un nomogramme pronostique dans les ccRCC métastatiques traités par sunitinib en 1ère line. Ce nomogramme s’il est confirmé par une étude prospective plus large pourrait avoir un impact clinique important dans la sélection des patients les plus à même de bénéficier des anti-angiogéniques.Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common kidney cancer. It is characterized by frequent inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene VHL found in 70% of tumors leading to the transcription of HIF transcription factor target genes such as VEGF. This is an aggressive tumor with 50% of metastatic patients. Sunitinib, an inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinase antiangiogenic, is currently the most used in 1st line despite 30% of patients who progress quickly. The advent of a new anti-angiogenic targeting MET (cabozantinib) and immunomodulators (anti-PD-1 antibody, nivolumab) makes crucial discovery of predictors of response to treatment. In the first part, we studied a retrospective study of 98 consecutive ccRCC. We assessed complete VHL status and correlated it with the expression of PD-L1. Moreover, while the prognosis is different between ccRCC synchronous metastatic and metachronous, their phenotype have never been compared. In this purpose, we performed an analysis of the main pathological prognostic factors, immunohistochemical markers (CAIX, VEGF, PAR3, PD-1 and PD-L1) and molecular (VHL status: deletion, mutation and promoter methylation) correlated with specific survival. We demonstrated that non-inactivated VHL tumors (niVHL) were associated with the presence of synchronous metastases, sarcomatoid component, a dense lymphocytic infiltrate, an overexpression of VEGF, an expression of PD-L1 and a poor prognosis. We also compared the phenotypes of metachronous and synchronous metastatic ccRCC. The first ones were associated with sarcomatoid component, cytoplasmic expression of PAR-3 overexpression VEGFA and niVHL status and a poor prognosis even from the diagnosis of metastases. In the second part, we studied a retrospective study of 90 consecutive metastatic ccRCC treated with first line sunitinib to identify predictors of response or resistance. We used the same techniques as above plus the MET status (mutation in Next-Generation sequencing and expression by IHC). Patients were classified as primary-refractory, intermediate and long-term responders depending on the duration of their response as assessed by radiological criteria (RECIST). We also characterized the genetic profile of 73 ccRCC of this series by CGH array for which we had frozen tumor. Primary refractory patients often had poor prognosis (Heng criteria), liver metastases, infiltration of the hilar fat. Cytogenetically, their tumors had many more genetic alterations, both gains as losses. These recurrent alterations were gains of 5p, 7p, 8q22.1-qter and loss of 6q21-q25.3 region. The multivariate Cox model highlighted four independent factors: the score of Heng, liver metastases, infiltration of the hilar fat and gain of 8q which integrated into a prognostic nomogram had a c-index of 0.74 for survival progression-free survival and 0.77 for overall survival. In conclusion, our study identified a subtype of ccRCC with a poor prognosis with niVHL status that should be explored at the genomic level. Furthermore, we showed a phenotype difference between ccRCC synchronous and metachronous metastatic patients whereas their care is currently the same. Finally we have identified a prognostic nomogram in metastatic ccRCC treated with sunitinib in the first line. This nomogram if confirmed by a larger prospective study could have a significant clinical impact in the selection of patients most likely to benefit from anti-angiogenic therapy

Carcinome à cellules rénales FH (fumarate hydratase)-déficient : à propos d’un cas

National audienceFumarate hydratase deficient renal cell carcinoma (FH-RCC) is a rare malignant neoplasia caused by constitutive or somatic mutations in the FH gene whose diagnosis is primordial, requiring genetic counselling. Because of histological heterogeneity, such tumors have been in the past misclassified as &quot;type 2 papillary carcinoma&quot;, &quot;tubulo-cystic renal cell carcinoma&quot; or &quot;high grade papillary carcinoma&quot;. We report here a case of FH deficient renal cell carcinoma (FH-RCC) in a 69years old patient. Through this observation, we precise the epidemiological and histological aspects and diagnosis criteria of this rare tumor

Actualités en pathologie tumorale rénale, prostatique, vésicale et testiculaire [Pathological advances in renal, prostatic, bladder and testis neoplasia]

National audienceIntroduction. The ISUP (International Society of Urological Pathology) Consensus Conferences between 2012 and 2015 made recommendations regarding the classification, staging, prognostic factors of adult tumors from kidney, prostate, bladder and testis. The main points of these recommendations are highlighted in this article. Materials and methods. This article is based on a systematic literature search by using different keywords "cancer, kidney, prostate, bladder, testis, pathology, classification" from Pubmed database. Only publications between 2012 and 2015 were retained. Results. The different Consensus conferences since 2012 in uropathology have provided international guidelines for the classification, grading and staging of tumors in kidney, bladder, prostate and testis. We identified in this article the main points of these new guidelines that are about to be published in the new 2016 WHO classification of urogenital tract tumors in adult. Conclusion. New pathological guidelines in urogenital tumors have to be taken into account for a better diagnosis and therapy. (C) 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved