Performances zootechniques des alevins de trois souches du tilapia du nil Oreochromis niloticus L., 1758 du paysage aquacole de la Cote d’Ivoire elevees en happa implante dans un etang

Cette étude effectuée du 03 mars au 15 avril, a été réalisée dans le but de comparer les performances de croissance des alevins de trois souches  (Bouaké, Hydrofish et Brésil) du tilapia du Nil Oreochromis niloticus utilisées dans le paysage aquacole ivoirien. Pour ce faire, les alevins de poids  moyens initiaux respectifs 0,012 ± 0,003 ; 0,010 ± 0,003 et 0,014 ± 0,007 g ont été élevés pendant 28 jours dans 09 happas de 1 m2 chacun, installés  dans un étang en terre à une densité de 1500 individus/m2. Les poissons ont été nourris cinq fois par jour (8 h, 10 h, 12 h, 14 h et 16 h) avec un  aliment commercial farineux titrant 48 % de protéines et de diamètre 0,3 à 0,5 mm à raison de 50 % de leur poids corporel. Cette ration a été  réajustée chaque semaine en fonction de la croissance des poissons. Après 28 jours d’élevage, les résultats montrent que le poids moyen final le  plus élevé (0,654 ± 0,076 g) et le plus faible (0,339 ± 0,035 g) sont respectivement enregistrés chez les alevins des souches Brésil et Hydrofish. La  valeur la plus interessante de l’indice de conversion alimentaire (0,83 ± 0,10) est obtenue chez la souche Brésil et la moins interessante (1,11 ± 0,12)  chez la souche Hydrofish. Toutefois, le taux de survie et le facteur de condition n’ont pas varié d’une souche à l’autre. Il ressort donc de cette étude  que la souche Brésil du tilapia du Nil O. niloticus présente les meilleures performances zootechniques comparée aux souches Bouaké et Hydrofish  en phase d’alevinage. English title: Zootechnical performance of three strains of Nile tilapia <i>oreochromis niloticus L.</i>, 1758 from the Ivory  Coast Aquaculture Landscape This study was conducted to compare the growth performance of three strains fries (Bouaké, Hydrofish and Brazil) of Nile tilapia Oreochromis  niloticus used in Ivorian aquaculture landscape. Fingerlings with respective initial mean weights of 0.012 ± 0.003, 0.010 ± 0.003 and 0.014 ± 0.007 g  were reared for 28 days in 09 happas of 1 m2 each installed in an earthen pond at a density of 1500 individuals/m2. Fish were fed five times daily  (8:00 a.m., 10:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m., 2:00 p.m., and 4:00 p.m.) with a commercial mealy feed containing 48% of proteins and a diameter of 0.3 to 0.5  mm at 50% of their body weight. This ration was readjusted weekly according to the growth of the fish. After 28 days of rearing, the results show  that the highest (0.654 ± 0.076 g) and lowest (0.339 ± 0.035 g) average final weights were recorded in the Brazil and Hydrofish fries, respectively. The  most interesting value of feed conversion index (0.83 ± 0.10) is obtained in the Brazil strain and the least interesting (1.11 ± 0.12) in the  Hydrofish strain. However, the survival rate and condition factor did not vary between strains. Therefore, this study shows that the Brazil strain of  Nile tilapia O. niloticus has the best zootechnical performance compared to the Bouaké and Hydrofish strains in the nursery phase.&nbsp

Multi-criteria assessment of the Representative Elementary Watershed approach on the Donga catchment (Benin) using a downward approach of model complexity

International audienceThis study is part of the AMMA – African Multidisciplinary Monsoon Analysis – project and aims at a better understanding and modelling of the Donga catchment (580 km2, Benin) behaviour. For this purpose, we applied the REW concept proposed by Reggiani et al. (1998, 1999), which allows the description of the main local processes at the sub-watershed scale. Such distributed hydrological models, which represent hydrological processes at various scales, should be evaluated not only on the discharge at the outlet but also on each of the represented processes and in several points of the catchment. This kind of multi-criteria evaluation is of importance in order to assess the global behaviour of the models. We applied such multi-criteria strategy to the Donga catchment (586 km2), in Benin. The work is supported by a strategy of observation, undertaken since 1998 consisting in a network of 20 rain gauges, an automatic meteorological station, 6 discharge stations and 18 wells. The first goal of this study is to assess the model ability to reproduce the discharge at the outlet, the water table dynamics in several points of the catchment and the vadose zone dynamics at the sub-catchment scale. We tested two spatial discretisations of increasing resolution. To test the internal structure of the model, we looked at its ability to represent also the discharge at intermediary stations. After adjustment of soil parameters, the model is shown to accurately represent discharge down to a drainage area of 100 km2, whereas poorer simulation is achieved on smaller catchments. We introduced the spatial variability of rainfall by distributing the daily rainfall over the REW and obtained a very low sensitivity of the model response to this variability. Our results suggest that processes in the unsaturated zone should first be improved, in order to better simulate soil water dynamics and represent perched water tables which were not included in this first modelling study

FoxO1 Links Insulin Resistance to Proinflammatory Cytokine IL-1β Production in Macrophages

© 2009 by the American Diabetes Association.[Objetives]: Macrophages play an important role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance via the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Our goal is to decipher the molecular linkage between proinflammatory cytokine production and insulin resistance in macrophages.[Research design and methods]: We determined cytokine profiles in cultured macrophages and identified interleukin (IL)-1 gene as a potential target of FoxO1, a key transcription factor that mediates insulin action on gene expression. We studied the mechanism by which FoxO1 mediates insulin-dependent regulation of IL-1 expression in cultured macrophages and correlated FoxO1 activity in peritoneal macrophages with IL-1 production profiles in mice with low-grade inflammation or insulin resistance.[Results]: FoxO1 selectively promoted IL-1 production in cultured macrophages. This effect correlated with the ability of FoxO1 to bind and enhance IL-1 promoter activity. Mutations of the FoxO1 binding site within the IL-1 promoter abolished FoxO1 induction of IL-1 expression. Macrophages from insulinresistant obese db/db mice or lipopolysaccharide-inflicted mice were associated with increased FoxO1 production, correlating with elevated levels of IL-1 mRNA in macrophages and IL-1 protein in plasma. In nonstimulated macrophages, FoxO1 remained inert with benign effects on IL-1 expression. In response to inflammatory stimuli, FoxO1 activity was augmented because of an impaired ability of insulin to phosphorylate FoxO1 and promote its nuclear exclusion. This effect along with nuclear factor-B acted to stimulate IL-1 production in activated macrophages.[Conclusions]: FoxO1 signaling through nuclear factor-B plays an important role in coupling proinflammatory cytokine production to insulin resistance in obesity and diabetesThis study was supported in part by American Diabetes Association and National Health Institute Grant DK-066301. No potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.Peer reviewe

Effect of isoniazid preventive therapy on risk of death in west African, HIV-infected adults with high CD4 cell counts: long-term follow-up of the Temprano ANRS 12136 trial.

BACKGROUND: Temprano ANRS 12136 was a factorial 2 × 2 trial that assessed the benefits of early antiretroviral therapy (ART; ie, in patients who had not reached the CD4 cell count threshold used to recommend starting ART, as per the WHO guidelines that were the standard during the study period) and 6-month isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) in HIV-infected adults in Côte d'Ivoire. Early ART and IPT were shown to independently reduce the risk of severe morbidity at 30 months. Here, we present the efficacy of IPT in reducing mortality from the long-term follow-up of Temprano. METHODS: For Temprano, participants were randomly assigned to four groups (deferred ART, deferred ART plus IPT, early ART, or early ART plus IPT). Participants who completed the trial follow-up were invited to participate in a post-trial phase. The primary post-trial phase endpoint was death, as analysed by the intention-to-treat principle. We used Cox proportional models to compare all-cause mortality between the IPT and no IPT strategies from inclusion in Temprano to the end of the follow-up period. FINDINGS: Between March 18, 2008, and Jan 5, 2015, 2056 patients (mean baseline CD4 count 477 cells per μL) were followed up for 9404 patient-years (Temprano 4757; post-trial phase 4647). The median follow-up time was 4·9 years (IQR 3·3-5·8). 86 deaths were recorded (Temprano 47 deaths; post-trial phase 39 deaths), of which 34 were in patients randomly assigned IPT (6-year probability 4·1%, 95% CI 2·9-5·7) and 52 were in those randomly assigned no IPT (6·9%, 5·1-9·2). The hazard ratio of death in patients who had IPT compared with those who did not have IPT was 0·63 (95% CI, 0·41 to 0·97) after adjusting for the ART strategy (early vs deferred), and 0·61 (0·39-0·94) after adjustment for the ART strategy, baseline CD4 cell count, and other key characteristics. There was no evidence for statistical interaction between IPT and ART (pinteraction=0·77) or between IPT and time (pinteraction=0·94) on mortality. INTERPRETATION: In Côte d'Ivoire, where the incidence of tuberculosis was last reported as 159 per 100 000 people, 6 months of IPT has a durable protective effect in reducing mortality in HIV-infected people, even in people with high CD4 cell counts and who have started ART. FUNDING: National Research Agency on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis (ANRS)

All-optical reshaping based on a passive saturable absorber microcavity device for future 160-Gbit/s applications

A vertical-access passive all-optical switching gate has been used to regenerate the zero levels of a “. . . 01010101. . .” 160-Gb/s bit pattern at 1561 nm. Autocorrelation function measurements show that an extinction up to 11.7 dB of the “ghost-pulses” can be achieved

Vérification multicritères de plusieurs compartiments du cycle hydrologique : application du modèle REW-v4.0 sur le bassin versant de la Donga, au Bénin

We present the implementation and validation strategy of a distributed hydrological model on the Donga (580 km2) catchment in Bénin (ORE AMMA-CATCH). The verification of such a model representing the different components of the hydrological cycle must be performed for each process which is represented by the model.Nous présentons ici la stratégie de mise en oeuvre et de validation d`un modèle hydrologique distribué sur le bassin versant de la Donga (586km²) au Bénin (ORE AMMA-CATCH). La vérification d`un tel modèle représentant les différents compartiments du cycle hydrologique doit être faite pour chacun des processus que l`on souhaite représenter

Vérification du model REW sur plusieurs processus hydrologiques: application au bassin versant de la Donga, au Bénin

Distributed hydrological models allow us to represent several processes at various scales on the watersheds. Thus, verification of such models should be conducted on each of the represented processes, at various scales and not only on the discharge at the outlet. This kind of multicriteria verification is of importance in order to evaluate the global behaviour of the models. Nevertheless, the aim is not to represent all the plot scale processes but to evaluate which degree of complexity should be introduced in spatialised catchment scale models in order to well represent the main processes of the watershed. The REW concept (Reggiani et al. 1998, 1999) is interesting in this kind of evaluation procedure as it allows the description of the main local processes at the sub-watershed scale. A validation strategy of the REW-v4.0 model is undertaken on the Donga catchment, in Benin. The goal of this study is to evaluate the model ability to reproduce the discharge at the outlet, at intermediary stations, and also to reproduce the watertable dynamics and the vadose zone dynamics at the sub-catchment scale. For this work of watershed modelling, a strategy of observation has been undertaken since 1998. A network of 20 gauges allows a quite fine description of the spatial and temporal variability of rainfall. An automatic meteorological station measures climatic variables needed to compute a potential evapotranspiration rate. Soils were characterised with the help of Beerkan infiltration measures and a pedology map. We follow 6 discharge stations, 18 wells and several soil moisture stations on typical vegetation stands; all these data allow the verification of the model behaviour