Rôle des facteurs de la réparation de l’ADN dans la dynamique du génome au sein du système immunitaire

The immune system is particularly dependent on DNA damage response (DDR) pathways. The development of the adaptive immune system requires certain DDR mechanisms, in particular during the V(D)J recombination and during class switch recombination (CSR), furthermore, the hematopoietic system is very sensitive to spontaneous DNA lesions. Therefore, there are many immune deficiencies in human directly related to a DDR deficiency. The identification of the responsible gene is important for appropriate genetic counseling. Today, we have access to powerful genetic screening tools, in particular next generation sequencing (NGS) and the list of genes responsible for immune deficiency is growing rapidly. The first part of this work focuses on the development of a new screening tool for DDR defects, in particular in the case of immune deficiency, and evaluation of clinical interest. This test is based on the observation of a bias of the TCRα repertoire in circulating T lymphocytes when thymocytes lifespan is diminished and we know that DDR defect causes decreased thymocyte survival. We have developed two techniques, by molecular biology and by flow cytometry, to detect a potential bias of the TCRα repetoire and assess the suitability of this test in some immunodeficiencies linked to a DDR defect. A significant bias was detected in the case of ATM and NHEJ factor deficiency. Furthermore, we have established a cohort of patients suffering from common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) with a clinical presentation highly suggestive of DDR defect, in collaboration with the Clinical Immunology Service of Hôpital Saint-Louis (Paris). Functional test for DDR defect and genetic analysis (CGHarray, whole exome sequencing) were performed in these patients to identify new genes involved in CVID. Among the 18 patients analyzed until now, five cases of cellular sensitivity to genotoxic agents have been detected and a candidate gene was identified in 15 of them. These results are still preliminary and our team will pursue genetic and functional characterization of the identified mutations. Finally, we undertook genetic and functional exploration of two mutations identified in a young patient with combined immunodeficiency (CID) associated with a lymphoproliferative disease and autoimmunity, and in whom a cellular hypersensitivity to mitomycin C, a DNA crosslinking agent, was detected. The first mutation was identified in the ELKS gene, which codes for a factor involved in DNA repair. Functional complementation of this gene demonstrates the involvement of this mutation in the hypersensitivity of patient’s cells to MMC. We have developed a conditional knockout mouse model of this gene in hematopoietic cells that did not show any defect in development of the immune system. The second mutation was identified in BACH2 gene encoding a transcriptional repressor involved in the development of the immune system. Knockout mice for this gene have a similar phenotype to the immune deficiency described in this patient. Investigations on this mutation are ongoing in the patient and among family members that also carry the mutation.Le système immunitaire est particulièrement dépendant des mécanismes de réparation de l’ADN, en effet le développement du système immunitaire adaptatif nécessite certains mécanismes de réparation de l’ADN, lors de la recombinaison V(D)J et lors de la commutation de classe des immunoglobulines. De plus, le système hématopoïétique est par sa nature très sensible aux lésions spontanées de l’ADN. Il existe chez l’homme de nombreux déficits immunitaires directement liés à un défaut de réparation de l’ADN. L’identification du gène responsable est importante pour un conseil génétique familial approprié et pour la prise en charge médicale. Nous avons accès aujourd’hui à de puissants outils de dépistage génétique grâce au séquençage à haut débit et la liste des gènes responsables d’un déficit immunitaire s’allonge de plus en plus en rapidement. La première partie de ce travail porte sur la mise au point d’un nouvel outil de dépistage rapide des déficits de la réparation de l’ADN, en particulier dans le cas de déficit immunitaires. Ce test est fondé sur l’observation d’un biais du répertoire du TCRdes lymphocytes T circulants lorsque les thymocytes ont une durée de vie diminuée, or un défaut de réparation de l’ADN entraîne une diminution de la survie thymocytaire. Nous avons mis au point deux techniques, par biologie moléculaire et par cytométrie en flux, pour détecter un éventuel biais du répertoire du TCRα et évaluer la pertinence de ce test dans les déficits immunitaires liés à un défaut de réparation de l’ADN. Un biais a notamment été détecté dans les cas de déficit en facteur du NHEJ et en ATM. Nous avons également établi en collaboration avec le service d’Immunologie Clinique de l’hôpital Saint-Louis une cohorte de patients atteints de déficit immunitaire commun variable (DICV) dont la présentation clinique est évocatrice d’un défaut de réparation de l’ADN. Une série de test fonctionnels de dépistages de déficit de la réparation de l’ADN ainsi que des analyses génétiques (CGH array, séquençage complet de l’exome) ont été fait chez ces patients afin d’identifier de nouveaux gènes impliqués dans les DICV. Parmi les 18 patients analysés, dans 5 cas on retrouve une sensibilité cellulaire accrue aux agents génotoxiques et chez 15 patients, un gène candidat a été identifié. Ces résultats sont encore préliminaires et la caractérisation génétique et fonctionnelle des mutations identifiées sera poursuivie par notre équipe. Pour finir, nous avons entrepris l’exploration génétique et fonctionnelle de deux mutations identifiées chez une jeune patiente atteinte de déficit immunitaire combiné (CID) associé à un syndrome lymphoprolifératif et une auto-immunité, et chez qui une hypersensibilité cellulaire à la Mitomycine C, agent pontant de l’ADN, a été détectée. La première mutation a été identifiée dans le gène ELKS qui code pour un facteur impliqué dans la réparation de l’ADN. La complémentation fonctionnelle de ce gène prouve l’implication de cette mutation dans l’hypersensibilité des cellules de la patiente à la MMC. Nous avons développé un modèle murin KO conditionnel de ce gène dans les cellules hématopoïétiques qui n’a pas montré de défaut de développement du système immunitaire. La deuxième mutation identifiée se situe dans le gène BACH2 codant pour un répresseur transcriptionnel très impliqué dans le développement du système immunitaire. Les souris KO pour ce gène ont un phénotype proche du déficit immunitaire décrit chez cette patiente. Les investigations de cette mutation sont en cours chez elle et chez les membres de sa famille également porteurs de la mutation

History and Outcome of Febrile Neutropenia Outside the Oncology Setting: A Retrospective Study of 76 Cases Related to Non-Chemotherapy Drugs

International audienceBACKGROUND: Despite major advances in its prevention and treatment, febrile neutropenia remains a most concerning complication of cancer chemotherapy. Outside the oncology setting, however, only few data are currently available on febrile neutropenia related to non-chemotherapy drugs. We report here data on 76 patients with febrile neutropenia related to non-chemotherapy drugs, followed up in a referral center within a university hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from 76 patients with idiosyncratic drug-induced febrile neutropenia were retrospectively reviewed. All cases were extracted from a cohort study on agranulocytosis conducted at the Strasbourg University Hospital (Strasbourg, France). RESULTS: Mean patient age was 52.2 years old (range: 18-93) and gender ratio (F/M) 1.6, with several comorbidities present in 86.8% of patients. The most common causative drugs were: antibiotics (37.4%), antithyroid drugs (17.2%), neuroleptic and anti-epileptic agents (13.1%), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents and analgesics (8%), and platelet aggregation inhibitors (8%). Main clinical presentations upon hospitalization included isolated fever (30%), sore throat, acute tonsillitis and sinusitis (18.4%), documented pneumonia (18.4%), septicemia (14.5%), and septic shock (6.6%). Mean neutrophil count at nadir was 0.13 × 10(9)/L (range: 0-0.48). While in hospital, 22 patients (28.9%) worsened clinically and required intensive care unit placement. All patients were promptly treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, and 45 (59.2%) with hematopoietic growth factors. Mean duration of hematological recovery (neutrophil count ≥1.5 × 10(9)/L) was 7.5 days (range: 2-21), which was reduced to 0.7 days (range: 2-16) (p = 0.089) with hematopoietic growth factors. Outcome was favorable in 89.5% of patients, whereas eight died. CONCLUSIONS: Like in oncology and myelosuppressive chemotherapy settings, idiosyncratic febrile neutropenia is typically serious, about 40% of patients exhibiting severe pneumonia, septicemia, and septic shock, with a mortality rate of 10%. Like in febrile, chemotherapy-related neutropenia, modern and timely management (immediate broad spectrum antibiotherapy, hematopoietic growth factors) may reduce infection-related mortality. All practitioners should be aware of this potential side-effect that may even occur in the event of "daily medication" exposur

Association between long-term neuro-toxicities in testicular cancer survivors and polymorphisms in glutathione-s-transferase-P1 and -M1, a retrospective cross sectional study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>To assess the impact of polymorphisms in Glutathione S-transferase (GST) -P1, -M1, and -T1 on self-reported chemotherapy-induced long-term toxicities in testicular cancer survivors (TCSs).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A total of 238 TCSs, who had received cisplatin-based chemotherapy at median twelve years earlier, had participated in a long-term follow-up survey which assessed the prevalence of self-reported paresthesias in fingers/toes, Raynaud-like phenomena in fingers/toes, tinnitus, and hearing impairment. From all TCSs lymphocyte-derived DNA was analyzed for the functional A→G polymorphism at bp 304 in <it>GSTP1</it>, and deletions in <it>GST-M1 </it>and <it>GST-T1</it>. Evaluation of associations between GST polymorphisms and self-reported toxicities included adjustment for prior treatment.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>All six evaluated toxicities were significantly associated with the cumulative dose of cisplatin and/or bleomycin. Compared to TCSs with either <it>GSTP1-AG </it>or <it>GSTP1</it>-<it>AA</it>, the 37 TCSs with the genotype <it>GSTP1-GG</it>, were significantly less bothered by paresthesias in fingers and toes (p = 0.039, OR 0.46 [0.22–0.96] and p = 0.023, OR 0.42 [0.20–0.88], respectively), and tinnitus (p = 0.008, OR 0.33 [0.14–0.74]). Furthermore, absence of functional GSTM1 protected against hearing impairment (p = 0.025, OR 1.81 [1.08–3.03]).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In TCSs long-term self-reported chemotherapy-induced toxicities are associated with functional polymorphisms in <it>GSTP1 </it>and <it>GSTM1</it>. Hypothetically, absence of GST-M1 leaves more glutathione as substrate for the co-expressed GST-P1. Also intracellular inactivation of pro-apoptotic mediators represents a possible explanation of our findings. Genotyping of these GSTs might be a welcomed step towards a more individualized treatment of patients with metastatic testicular cancer.</p

Caution encouraged in next-generation sequencing immunogenetic analyses in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

International audienc

Critically ill elderly patients (≥ 90 years): Clinical characteristics, outcome and financial implications.

BACKGROUND:Patients aged over 90 are being admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) with increasing frequency. The appropriateness of such decisions still remains controversial due to questionable outcome, limited resources and costs. Our objective was to determine the clinical characteristics and outcome in elderly patients (≥ 90 years) admitted in a medical ICU, with an additional focus on medico-economic implications. METHODS:We reviewed the charts of all patients (≥ 90 years) admitted to our ICU. We compared them with all other ICU patients (< 90 years), sought to identify ICU mortality predictors and also performed a long-term survival follow-up. RESULTS:In the study group of 317 stays: median age was 92 years (IQR: 91-94 years); most patients were female (71.3%.). Acute respiratory failure (52.4%) was the main admission diagnosis; mean SAPS II was 55.6±21.3; half the stays (49.2%) required mechanical ventilation (duration: 7.2±8.8 days); withholding and withdrawing decisions were made for 33.4% of all stays. ICU and hospital mortality rates were 35.7% and 42.6% respectively. Mechanical ventilation (OR = 4.83, CI95%: 1.59-15.82) was an independent predictor of ICU mortality whereas age was not (OR = 0.88, CI95%: 0.72-1.08). Social security reimbursement was significantly lower in the study group compared with all other ICU stays, both per stay (13,160 vs 22,092 Euros, p< 0.01) and per day of stay (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION:Among critically ill elderly patients (≥ 90 years), chronological age was not an independent factor of ICU mortality. ICU care-related costs in this population should not be considered as a limiting factor for ICU admission

GENETIC TYPING OF CBL, ASXL1, RUNX1, TET2, AND JAK2 IN JUVENILE MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (JMML) REVEALS A GENETIC PROFILE DISTINCT FROM CHRONIC MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (CMML).

International audienceJMML and CMML are rare myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms occurring at both ends of life. To investigate relationships between JMML and CMML, genes recently involved in CMML were studied in 68 JMML patients. Mutations in TET2, RUNX1, and JAK2V617F are involved in myelodysplastic and/or myeloproliferative syndromes, and more specifically in CMML but were not found in JMML. Pangenomic analysis by SNP-array showed no abnormality at these loci. Three frameshift mutations of ASXL1 leading to a truncated protein were found in 3 patients (4%) with late onset JMML displaying also RAS activating mutations. Homozygous mutations of CBL with 11q loss of heterozygosity were found in 5 (7%) JMML. CBL substitutions were different from those reported in CMML, exclusive from other RAS activating mutations, and were germline in all patients. Overall, the pattern of genetic lesions observed in JMML differed from that of CMML. Although signalling deregulation is involved in CMML, transcriptional deregulation seems to play a pivotal role, with mutation of RUNX1, ASXL1 or TET2. Conversely, none of these genes involved in transcription or chromatin remodelling was found to be significantly altered in JMML, while CBL mutations confirm the central role of RAS and growth factor signalling deregulation in JMML

Malignant histiocytosis with a Langerhans cell subtype: A report on the diagnostic and therapeutic challenge

International audienceNo abstract availabl