A history of the education of the Shudra untouchables before and under the British rule in India, circ. 2000 BC to 1947.

A History of the education of the Shudra Untouchables before and under the British Rule in India. (Circ; 2000 B.C. to 1947 A. D.) The Shudra Untouchables are descendents of the Aboriginal Dasyu, natives of India who inhabited and ruled over the country before the Aryan invasion about 2000 B.C. The Aryans, ancestors of the Hindus, defeated them and made them dasas (slaves). Under the Hindu caste system, the Aboriginal Dasa natives were given the name of Shudras. The Aryan Hindus excluded the Dasa Shudras from all social and educational privileges of their society. The Aryan Hindu priests laid down severe laws in their religious books for the social and educational segregation of the Shudras in all ages to come. Such penal laws were filling the ears and cutting the tongue of a Shudra if he tried to overhear or utter a syllable from their scriptures. These sanctions have been followed by the Hindus till the present day. (Section I - Ch.I). The rise of Budhism promised social and educational equality to the Shudras who therefore joined the new cult in millions for its benefits. (Ch.II)The Educational System in the post Budhist period - a period of the revival of Hinduism, was again unfavourable to the social and educational advance of the Shudras. (Ch.III).Under the Mohammedans and later under the British, the priestly Hindus won the favour of the rulers and kept their social order, which was antagonistic to the Shudras, intact. Whatever money was allotted by the British for educational purposes, was all diverted to Hindu learning and culture. (Chs.III & IV).The Hindu Congress, founded in 1885, followed a political programme rather than the social programme which would have been useful for the Untouchables. Its programme suggests the Hindu-ising of the Untouchables rather than their education. (Ch.VI) The Hindu public, following Congress, have also opposed the education of the Untouchables. (Ch.VII). Some of the causes of the denial of education advanced from generation to generation, have been that the Untouchables were racially inferior; and had no tradition or aptitude for learning; and (today) that they lack intelligence and are unclean etc. These allegations are without logical justification. (Ch.VIII).During the Mohammedan rule, the Muslim kings, on the whole, recognised the equality of the Shudras. Hence the Shudras embraced Islam through the agency of mosque schools. (Section II -Ch.I).The greatest service during this period for the elevation of the Shudras was through Sufi saints. (Ch.II).During the British period the Christian missions intensified their efforts for the uplift of the Untouchables. The missionaries are the real pioneers of the education of the Depressed Classes in India. Their service is unique in the history of mankind. (Section III - Chs.I and II). But if they had limited their work to the Untouchables, there would now be no Untouchables in India. (Ch.III). The work of the British Government in opening its schools to the Shudra Untouchables is also unparalleled. Their period will remain memorable among civilized nations for this work. (Section IV - Ch.I).But Britain could do still more if it chose to do so. (Ch.II).In an independent India, the advance of the education of the Shudra Untouchables can be achieved (a) by the Untouchables remaining an independent block (b) by the adoption of a universal system of education by the Government in power. (Section V)

The effect of participation in performing ensembles on listening practices of adolescents

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of participation in performing ensembles on listening practices of adolescents. Specifically, this study looked at whether the focus of choral students while listening to music was more on the lyrics and their meaning and if the focus of band students was more on the instruments in comparison with each other and students enrolled in general music classes. A secondary interest of this study was to uncover the listening preferences of adolescents. Middle school students enrolled in band, choir, or general music classes (N = 23) served as participants. Students were asked to complete a background form containing questions about their interests in music and their involvement in performing ensembles in and out of school. Three musical selections were played with time given after each selection for students to complete a questionnaire pertaining to what they heard. Musical selections were “Born in the U. S. A.,” by Bruce Springsteen; “Summertime” from the opera Porgy and Bess by George Gershwin; and “How Can I Keep From Singing?,” arranged by James Mulholland. Participants responded to questions about meaning of text, instruments they heard, and preference for music selections. Results indicated a tendency for all participants to enjoy the choral piece better than either the rock or opera selections, choral students to focus on the vocal part and lyrics more than instrumental students, instrumentalists to be more accurate in identifying the instruments played, little success in interpreting intended meaning from lyrics after one listening, and that all participants include music listening in their daily lives

Identification of antisense nucleic acid hybridization sites in mRNA molecules with self-quenching fluorescent reporter molecules

We describe a physical mRNA mapping strategy employing fluorescent self-quenching reporter molecules (SQRMs) that facilitates the identification of mRNA sequence accessible for hybridization with antisense nucleic acids in vitro and in vivo, real time. SQRMs are 20–30 base oligodeoxynucleotides with 5–6 bp complementary ends to which a 5′ fluorophore and 3′ quenching group are attached. Alone, the SQRM complementary ends form a stem that holds the fluorophore and quencher in contact. When the SQRM forms base pairs with its target, the structure separates the fluorophore from the quencher. This event can be reported by fluorescence emission when the fluorophore is excited. The stem–loop of the SQRM suggests that SQRM be made to target natural stem–loop structures formed during mRNA synthesis. The general utility of this method is demonstrated by SQRM identification of targetable sequence within c-myb and bcl-6 mRNA. Corresponding antisense oligonucleotides reduce these gene products in cells

Przetwarzanie i OCR czasopism drukowanych gotykiem – krok po kroku

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Synergistic effects between analogs of DNA and RNA improve the potency of siRNA-mediated gene silencing

We report that combining a DNA analog (2′F-ANA) with rigid RNA analogs [2′F-RNA and/or locked nucleic acid (LNA)] in siRNA duplexes can produce gene silencing agents with enhanced potency. The favored conformations of these two analogs are different, and combining them in a 1–1 pattern led to reduced affinity, whereas alternating short continuous regions of individual modifications increased affinity relative to an RNA:RNA duplex. Thus, the binding affinity at key regions of the siRNA duplex could be tuned by changing the pattern of incorporation of DNA-like and RNA-like nucleotides. These heavily or fully modified duplexes are active against a range of mRNA targets. Effective patterns of modification were chosen based on screens using two sequences targeting firefly luciferase. We then applied the most effective duplex designs to the knockdown of the eIF4E binding proteins 4E-BP1 and 4E-BP2. We identified modified duplexes with potency comparable to native siRNA. Modified duplexes showed dramatically enhanced stability to serum nucleases, and were characterized by circular dichroism and thermal denaturation studies. Chemical modification significantly reduced the immunostimulatory properties of these siRNAs in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Modelling and simulation of an industrial riser in fluid catalytic cracking process

YesFluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) unit is an important unit of modern refineries and any improvement in the unit’s operations and design to increase yield and meet the ever increasing demand for fuel brings about the overall profitability of the FCC. In this work, simulation of an FCC riser of varied diameter was carried out to improve the unit’s operations and design, and the results are compared with risers of different diameters. The riser with varied diameter produces 53.4 wt%, a 3.18% increased yield of gasoline at low catalyst to oil (C/O) ratio of 1.27 compared to 51.7 wt% from a 1 m diameter riser. At increased C/O ratio, more gases and coke are produced in the varied diameter riser. Larger diameter demands more catalyst but yields more gases. Process variables can be directly correlated with yield of gasoline, which can aid process design

IL-6 stimulation of DNA replication is JAK1/2 mediated in cross-talk with hyperactivated ERK1/2 signaling

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are developing resistance to therapy by JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib. To explore the mechanism of ruxolitinib's limited effect, we examined the JAK1/2 mediated induction of proliferation related ERK1/2 and AKT signaling by proinflammatory interleukin-6 (IL-6) in MPN granulocytes and JAK2V617F mutated human erythroleukemia (HEL) cells. We found that JAK1/2 or JAK2 inhibition prevented the IL-6 activation of STAT3 and AKT pathways in polycythemia vera and HEL cells. Further, we showed that these inhibitors also blocked the IL-6 activation of the AKT pathway in primary myelofibrosis (PMF). Only JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib largely activated ERK1/2 signaling in essential thrombocythemia and PMF (up to 4.6 fold), with a more prominent activation in JAK2V617F positive granulocytes. Regarding a cell cycle, we found that IL-6 reduction of HEL cells percentage in G2M phase was reversed by ruxolitinib (2.6 fold). Moreover, ruxolitinib potentiated apoptosis of PMF granulocytes (1.6 fold). Regarding DNA replication, we found that ruxolitinib prevented the IL-6 augmentation of MPN granulocytes frequency in the S phase of the cell cycle (up to 2.9 fold). The inflammatory stimulation induces a cross-talk between the proliferation linked pathways, where JAK1/2 inhibition is compensated by the activation of the ERK1/2 pathway during IL-6 stimulation of DNA replication