LE COMPLEMENT D’OBJET DIRECT: LES CARACTERISTIQUES, LES OCCURRENCES ET LA NATURE DANS LA SYNTAXE DE LA LANGUE FRANÇAISE

Dans cet article, nous nous sommes donné la tâche d’examiner les caractéristiques, les occurrences et la nature du complément d’objet direct dans la syntaxe de la langue française. Nous nous sommes servi des phrases exemples et des éléments de la grammaire du français pour mener cette étude. Il s’est révélé que le complément d’objet direct, comme élément syntaxique est très régulier dans le parler de la langue française. Pour ce qui est de ses caractéristiques, le complément d’objet direct n’a pas besoin d’une préposition pour se lier à son verbe ; il est facilement réversible et cette réversibilité entraîne un complément d’agent. Nous avons également noté que lorsque le complément d’objet direct pronom est placé avant le verbe au temps composé, le participe passé s’accorde en genre et en nombre avec ce complément. Le but principal de cette étude est de porter une aide pédagogique aux apprenants comme aux enseignants de la langue française, donc les aider à facilement surmonter l’ambiguïté qui existe entre la transitivité directe et la transitivité indirecte.&nbsp

The development and optimisation of a fast pyrolysis process for bio-oil production

A two-tier study is presented in this thesis. The first involves the commissioning of an extant but at the time, unproven bubbling fluidised bed fast pyrolysis unit. The unit was designed for an intended nominal throughput of 300 g/h of biomass. The unit came complete with solids separation, pyrolysis vapour quenching and oil collection systems. Modifications were carried out on various sections of the system including the reactor heating, quenching and liquid collection systems. The modifications allowed for fast pyrolysis experiments to be carried out at the appropriate temperatures. Bio-oil was generated using conventional biomass feedstocks including Willow, beechwood, Pine and Miscanthus. Results from this phase of the research showed however, that although the rig was capable of processing biomass to bio-oil, it was characterised by low mass balance closures and recurrent operational problems. The problems included blockages, poor reactor hydrodynamics and reduced organic liquid yields. The less than optimal performance of individual sections, particularly the feed and reactor systems of the rig, culminated in a poor overall performance of the system. The second phase of this research involved the redesign of two key components of the unit. An alternative feeding system was commissioned for the unit. The feed system included an off the shelf gravimetric system for accurate metering and efficient delivery of biomass. Similarly, a new bubbling fluidised bed reactor with an intended nominal throughput of 500g/h of biomass was designed and constructed. The design leveraged on experience from the initial commissioning phase with proven kinetic and hydrodynamic studies. These units were commissioned as part of the optimisation phase of the study. Also as part of this study, two varieties each, of previously unreported feedstocks namely Jatropha curcas and Moringa olifiera oil seed press cakes were characterised to determine their suitability as feedstocks for liquid fuel production via fast pyrolysis. Consequently, the feedstocks were used for the production of pyrolysis liquids. The quality of the pyrolysis liquids from the feedstocks were then investigated via a number of analytical techniques. The oils from the press cakes showed high levels of stability and reduced pH values. The improvements to the design of the fast pyrolysis unit led to higher mass balance closures and increased organic liquid yields. The maximum liquid yield obtained from the press cakes was from African Jatropha press cake at 66 wt% on a dry basis

Examination Malpractice: A Situational Analysis of Trends at Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria

The paper reported various examination misconducts committed by the students of Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.  The reports of the Examination Monitoring Committee from 2nd Semester 2007/2008 session to 2nd Semester 2010/2011 session formed the sources for the analysis.  The analysis showed that 163 out of 257 reported cases had to do with bringing pieces of paper with writing into the examination hall, and 24 cases were for writing on question paper, palm, lap, clothes, etc, using handset has 22 cases, among others.  Recommendations were also proffered on how to curb the examination misconduct, which include restructuring of our education system to make it functional and de-emphasize paper qualification, semester system and the curriculum to be restructured so that students can progress at their own pace and not as a class or cohort, there should be proper invigilation and more lecture halls and theatres to be provided so that enough space is given to each student to write his/her exam

Comparative bone marrow responses of albino rats experimentally infected with single and mixed species of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei and ability to control anaemia

Effect of Trypanosoma congolence and T. brucei mixed infection on ability of the bone marrow to respond to anemia was investigated in albino rats. This was with the view of assessing the possible impact on recovery rate from anemia following chemotherapy of African trypanosomosis. The investigation involved descriptive evaluation of packed cell volume and corresponding bone marrow cytological changes associated with single and mixed infection of T. congolense and T. brucei. It involved laboratory based experimental infection of albino rats as research models. A total of 32 adult albino rats of mixed sexes were used for this investigation. The rats were randomly grouped into three groups, A, B, C made up of 8 rats each, and infected with T. congolense, T brucei and mixed infection of these species.. Eight other rats served as the uninfected control group.Parameters measured included weekly packed cell volume (PCV) and differential bone marrow cytology of the different groups of infected and control rats at the end of 21 days post infection (PI). At the end of 21 days PI, the anemia characterized by drop in PCV was most severe in the mixed infection group, and least in T. brucei group with tendency for self-recovery from anemia. The bone marrow responses in the mixed infection group was however weak and inferior to that of T. brucei and T. Congolense groups. Poor erythropoietic response in the mixed infection group despite significant fall (P < 0.05) in PCV level was believed to arise from severe renal and hepatic pathology resulting to subnormal erythropoietin release and severe stem cell injury. This is believed would cause longer time to be taken by mixed infection animals to recover from anemia after chemotherapy. It is concluded that T. congolense and T. brucei mixed infection result to marked incapacitation of the bone marrow and ability for recovery from anemia. This suggests that supportive administration of synthetic erythropoietin may be required in trypanosome specie mixed infection situation due to severe pathological effects on the kidney and liver resulting to impaired erythropoietinbiosynthesis and slow recovery from anemia following chemotherapy in African trypanosomiasis.Keywords: Anemia, bone marrow, mixed infection, rats, trypanosomiasis, erythropoieti

Fungal and Bacterial Species Associated with the Deterioration of Fresh Tomato Fruits (Lycopersium esculentum M.) Sold in Aliero Market, Kebbi State

Lycopersium esculentum M. are economic vegetables that deteriorated due to the nutrients contain which allowed the growth of microorganisms on it. Bacterial and fungal species were identified using poured plate method and Biochemical tests. Three (3) categories of tomato fruits samples were collected, varying different degrees of spoilage; highly rotten, slightly rotten and fresh tomatoes. A total of sixty (60) tomatoes were randomly collected within Aliero central market. From the results obtained, seven fungal species and four (4) bacterial species were isolated namely; Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida species, Alternaria alternate, Trichoderma species, Penicillium digitatum, Mucor species and Aspergillus species and bacterial species identified were; Bacillus species, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus species. The mean colony counts of bacteria ranges from 2.9 x 103 to 6.0 x 102 cfu/g and spore formed per unit for fungal species ranged from 3.0 x 103 to 5.6 x 102 sfu/g. In conclusion, these spoilage of fresh tomato usually occurs during storage and transit as well as during processing. Since many microorganisms were identified as the major causal agents of the tomato fruits spoilage in the study area, proper handling procedure especially during post-harvest and pre harvest as well as during selling and buying of the tomato fruits should be employed to avoid damage that usually results to the spoilage of these vital vegetable. &nbsp

Une classe réussie : le cas du français langue étrangère

Cet article s’interroge sur les conditions et les caractéristiques de la réussite d’une leçon de français langue étrangère et conclut à l’importance fondamentale du professeur dans la préparation, la réalisation de leçon et dans la gestion de la classe. La présentation se fait à travers un exposé qualitatif et didactique. Le concept de réussite se définit en plusieurs applications. Dans le contexte de cette étude, il s’agit d’une classe de leçon, un cours de langue française. Ainsi quand on parle de la réussite d’une classe, on évoque la situation où le professeur, après avoir dispensé son cours, tout comme ses apprenants, exprime une satisfaction, grandement basée sur les qualités de préparation et de mise en œuvre par le professeur. Les matériels et les méthodes sont ainsi énumérés et décrits comme facteurs qui concourent au succès d’une leçon de langue française. Les facteurs d’échec sont également considérés à travers l’analyse de cas de mauvaise réalisation des progressions de classe prévues, soit par des effets de déraillement ou de retard, soit par des raisons d’ordre psychologique basées dans les représentations des élèves, mettant au total en exergue l’importance de la qualité de la gestion de la classe par l’enseignant, nécessairement à même de captiver et de motiver les apprenants. Cette étude fait enfin la part entre le concept d’une classe réussie à court terme et celui d’une classe réussie à long terme en montrant que le dernier évoque la situation où une connaissance générale s’établit à la suite de l’apprentissage. Mots clés : Classe. Français. Français langue étrangère. Langue. Réussite.  A successful class : the case of French as a foreign language Abstract :This article examines the conditions and characteristics of the success of a French as a foreign language lesson and concludes the fundamental importance of the teacher in the preparation, the lesson realization and the management of the class. The presentation is done through a qualitative and didactic presentation. The concept of success is defined in several applications. In the context of this study, this is about a lesson class, a French language course. Thus when we talk about the success of a class, we refer to the situation where the teacher, after having taught his class, like his students, expresses a satisfaction, largely based on the qualities of preparation and implementation by the himself. The materials and methods are thus listed and described as factors that contribute to the success of a French language lesson. Factors of failure are also considered through the analysis of poor realization of planned class progressions, either by derailment or delay effects, either by psychological reasons based on student representations, all in all, it highlights the importance of the quality of classroom management by the teacher, who should necessarily be able to captivate and motivate the learners. This study finally makes the distinction between the concept of a short-term successful class and that of a long-term successful class, by showing that the last one evokes the situation where general knowledge is established as a result of the learning. Keywords : Class. French. French as a foreign language. Language. Success.  Uma aula bem sucedida : o caso do francês como língua estrangeira Resumo :Este artigo se pergunta sobre as condições e as características do sucesso de uma aula de francês como língua estrangeira e conclue que a importância do professor para a preparação, a realização da aula e para a gestão da sala é fundamental. A apresentação feita é qualitativa e metodológica. O conceito de sucesso define-se através de várias aplicações. No contexto deste estudo, trata-se de uma aula de apresentação, uma lição de francês. Assim, quando se fala do sucesso de uma aula, evoca-se a situação onde o professor, depois de ter dispensado sua aula, como os alunos, expressa uma satisfação, amplamente baseada nas qualidades de preparação e de implementação pelo professor. Os materiais e as técnicas estão portanto enumerados e descritos como fatores que concorrem para o sucesso de uma aula de língua francesa. Os fatores de fracasso também são considerados através da análise de casos de má realização dos desenvolvimentos didáticos previstos, seja por causa de dispersão ou de atraso, seja por razões de cunho psicológico baseadas nas representações dos alunos, frisando afinal a importância da alta qualidade do professor em conduzir a sala,  necessariamente apto a cativar e motivar os estudantes. Este estudo faz enfim a distinção entre o conceito de uma aula  bem sucedida a curto prazo e o de uma aula bem sucedida a longo prazo, mostrando que o último caso remete à situações onde um conhecimento geral se realiza pela aprendizagem. Palavras chave : Aula. Francês. Francês como língua estrangeira. Língua. Sucesso.  Una clase exitosa : el caso del francés como lengua extranjera Resumen :Este artículo examina las condiciones y características del éxito de una clase de francés como lengua extranjera, y se pronuncia sobre la importancia fundamental del profesor en la preparación, la realización de la lección y la gestión de la clase. La presentación se realiza a través de un informe cualitativo y didáctico. El concepto de éxito se define en varias aplicaciones. En el contexto de este estudio, se trata de una lección, de un curso de francés. Por lo tanto, cuando hablamos del éxito de una clase, hacemos referencia a la situación en la que el profesor -así como también sus alumnos- expresa una satisfacción después de haber dado su clase basada en gran medida en las cualidades de preparación y de puesta en práctica por parte del profesor. Los materiales y los métodos se enumeran y describen como factores que contribuyen al éxito de una lección de francés. Los factores de fracaso también se consideran a través del análisis de casos de realización deficiente de las progresiones de clase planeadas, ya sea por efectos de desorden o de retraso, o por razones psicológicas basadas en las representaciones de los estudiantes, poniendo de relieve la importancia de la calidad de la gestión en el aula por parte del profesor, que necesariamente puede cautivar y motivar a los alumnos. Finalmente, este estudio establece la distinción entre el concepto de una clase exitosa a corto plazo y el de una clase exitosa a largo plazo, al mostrar que la última opción evoca la situación en la que se constituye un conocimiento general como resultado del aprendizaje. Palabras-clave : Clase. Éxito. Francés. Francés Lengua Extranjera. Lengua

Antibiogram of Bacteria Isolated from Patients with Lower Respiratory Tract Infection at the general outpatient department of some hospitals in Kebbi State, Nigeria

The rise in antibiotic resistance could be a growing public health concern among agents of respiratory tract infection, which is liable for morbidity, mortality, and costs in Africa. This study was designed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) attending some Kebbi State, Nigeria hospitals. Three hundred and fifty sputum samples were collected from consented patients with the symptoms of LRTI attending six different hospitals in Kebbi State. The samples were all screened for significant bacterial growth using standard microbiological techniques. The bacterial isolates were identified using conventional biochemical tests and then confirmed using a commercial biochemical test kit (MICROBACT) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were identified using the disc diffusion method. Staphylococcus aureus was the foremost predominant bacteria isolated, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae, with an estimated percentage occurrence of 31.1% and 22.2%, respectively. Other bacteria isolated include Klebsiella oxytoca (13.9%), Escherichia coli (11.1%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.6%), Aeromonas hydrophila (5.6%), Acinetobacter baumannii (4.6%), B. pseudomallei (2.8%) and Proteus spp (2.8%). Most of the isolates were ssusceptible to piperacilin (51%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (61%), Azithromycin (70%), Ciprofloxacin (71%) and Gentamycin (74%), so as of ranking. High resistance was recorded in βeta-lactam antibiotics, erythromycin and vancomycin tested. Finally, it was revealed that Staphylococcus aureus is the most predominant bacteria isolated. Most of the isolates were resistant to the β-lactam antibiotic tested. Azithromycin, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin, and piperacillin remain helpful antibiotics for treating LRTIs in these centers

Determination of some heavy metals in soil and edible vegetables grown in two different farms in Damaturu Metropolis, Yobe State, Nigeria

Vegetables comprise an important part of our daily foods that contribute some minerals and other nutrients to human body. Consumption of contaminated vegetables by heavy metals results in bioaccumulation of these harmful elements in the body. Therefore, this study is designed to examine the amount of heavy metal concentrations (Nickel, Copper, Cadmium and Zinc) in soil and edible parts of four vegetables namely Amaranthus hybridus (spinach), Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle), Urena lobata (caesar weed) and Ceratotheca sesamoides (false sesame) grown in two farms. Transfer factor of heavy metals from soil to the plants was also evaluated. Samples were prepared and analysed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The mean concentrations of all the vegetables in the both farms for Ni, Cu, Cd and Zn were obtained as 0.215, 2.341, 0.023 and 2.251 mg/Kg respectively. Whereas, the mean concentrations in the soils were 0.317, 7.560, 0.071 and 9.910 mg/Kg for Ni, Cu, Cd and Zn respectively. The levels of the above heavy metals in almost all the samples from those farms were below the maximum allowable limits recommended by WHO/FAO and therefore, they had acceptable conditions for human consumption. The exception was Ni which was slightly above the (0.1 mg/Kg) WHO/FAO permissible limit in the samples of both farms excluding Urena lobata of Custom Farm. In Bin Bukar, the trend of the transfer factor was in rank of Ni > Cd > Cu > Zn, whereas, in Custom Farm the transfer factor was sort as Cu > Ni > Cd. The highest Transfer Factor (TF) value was 1.464 found in Ceratotheca sesamoides for Ni in Bin Bukar Farm and 0.627 in Urena lobata for Cu in Custom Farm. The Transfer Factor values for Cd, Cu and Zn for the range of vegetables were not substantially high, except for Ni which the ratio was greater than one indicating that the plants have accumulated elements

Real and Accrual Earnings Management, Does Ownership Retention Matters? Evidence from Emerging Market IPOs

The paper investigated the real and accrual earnings discretionary behaviour of Malaysian IPO firms contemporaneously in terms of nature, direction and quantum. It investigates the discretionary behaviour according to year of listing, industrial sectors, individual accounting items and the impact of ownership retention. The sample consists of 253 Malaysian IPO firms from 2002-2013. The 1991,modified Jones and Roychowdhury, (2006) cross sectional models were used to investigate accrual and real activity discretionary behaviour. The results indicate significant positive abnormal real earnings management and a significant difference in earning management proxies across industrial sectors. Retained ownership is negatively associated with earnings management proxies which seem to support the alignment hypothesis. The study justifies the merging of Main and Second boards and recommend tightening of regulations to constrain real activity discretionary behaviour. It provides academics, analysts, regulators and other gatekeepers with better understanding of earnings management around the IPO event. Keywords: Real and Accrual Earnings Management, Initial Public Offering, ownership Retentio