The Universe of Microbiome and how it Influences our Health Outcomes

The human microbiome consists of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and eukaryotes that inhabit both our internal and external environments. These microorganisms influence human physiology, affecting our health status, and can enhance or impair our metabolic and immune functions. Microbes can be found in many different places in the human body and have adapted to each location. For example, certain types of microbes are more common in the gastrointestinal tract, while others inhabit the respiratory tract, nasal cavity, and skin surface. The microbes that naturally live in the human body have become well-suited to interacting with the immune system over time. Changes in the microbial community in the intestines play a significant role in human health and the development of diseases. These changes can be due to lifestyle or the presence of an underlying disease. Imbalance in the microbiota can make the body more susceptible to infections, with the likelihood of infection depending on which part of the body is affected. The various kinds of microbes found in the human body have different metabolic activities and functions depending on their location. It is crucial to understand the composition and activities of the human microbiome in order to understand the impact on human health and disease. &nbsp

Agar-Based Biodegradable Plastic: A Sustainable Alternative to Petroleum- Derived plastics

Plastic pollution is a primary environmental issue, leading to the seeking for sustainability. This research inquires the possibilities of bioplastics, including agar-based bioplastic, where ethanol is utilizing as a plasticizer, to develop an eco- friendly and flexible, degradable substance. Agar, a natural polysaccharide extracted from red algae, promotes as a remarkable biodegradable polymer. To tackle this issue, ethanol serves as a plasticizer to enhance flexibility and mechanical strength by altering the internal configuration of the agar matrix. The bioplastic was formed by dissolving agar in warm water, contained ethanol, and allowing the mixture to cool and form into thin sheets. The findings indicated that ethanol increased the material\u27s elasticity, while keeping its environmentally friendly characteristics. It also offered minimal resistance to water, a frequent drawback in bioplastics. Additionally, decomposition tests verified that the bioplastic degrades naturally, positioning it as a promising substitute for synthetic plastics. This research emphasizes the promise of agar bioplastic with ethanol as a plasticizer for uses such as packaging and single-use products. Later studies may enhance the pattern and explore the methods for large-scale production. By assuming biodegradable materials, we can minimize plastic waste and protecting the environment as well

Assessment of Local Pesticides Used by Farmers in Jorhat District

The indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides has raised concerns about environmental degradation, human health risks, and the sustainability of agricultural practices worldwide. In the context of Jorhat District, Assam, local farmers rely on both chemical and traditional pesticides to combat pests and ensure crop productivity. The aim of this research is to determine the types, usage patterns, and impacts of local pesticides applied by farmers in five selected villages: No.2 Sonari Gaon, Sotai Bhakat Gaon, Kakojan (Bonpithaguri village), Sokai Khongiya Gaon, and Garumora. Data were collected through field surveys, structured interviews, and questionnaires filled by 100 farmers across the study sites

The Role of Rotifera as Sentinel Organism of Trophic Structure on Freshwater Ecosystems

For determining the trophic condition of freshwater ecosystems, rotifera, a phylum of tiny and near-microscopic pseudocoelomate creatures, are important sentinel or bioindicator species. For ecological monitoring and water quality evaluation, they are perfect because of their species composition, variety, and abundance, which react quickly and sensitively to changes in environmental quality and nutrient availability. Aquatic environments consist of both biotic and abiotic interactions. There is a relationship between these things. They create an ecosystem\u27s cumulative environmental condition, which can be classified as oligotrophic, mesotrophic, or eutrophic at present. Of all the diverse types of plants and animals that live in water, zooplankton are crucial for controlling the systematic processes that keep the environment healthy. Rotifers are one of the planktonic groups of zooplanktons that perform very well in controlling the ecosystem as a whole. These large organisms are also occasionally seen as an avoidable instrument for determining the state of the environment. It is always appropriate to use these creatures as bio-indicators of the ecosystem\u27s trophic structure and pollution level. A good bio-indicator of water quality might be the group of rotifers or a single species, depending on the many indexes and the link between various biological, chemical, and physical features such as the dynamics and diversity of the described organism. Rotifers react strongly to eutrophication, or nutrient enrichment, especially when it comes to the availability of phosphate and nitrogen

Molecular interactions of Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and HPLC Characterization of Alstonia Boonei and Ficus Exasperata Leaves Methanol Extracts

Alstonia boonei is a well-known plant whose components are high in bioactive chemicals such echitamidine,  boonein, lupeol, ursolic acid, loganin, N- formylechitamidine and b-amyrin, with triterpenoids  and alkaloids accounting for a large fraction of the total bioactive compound while Ficus exasperata Vahl. (F. exasperata) sometimes known as "Sandpaper Leaf Tree" because of the coarse surface of its leaves, is utilized for the management of various diseases, and as a result, research supporting traditional uses are expanding According to reports, F. exasperata leaves have anti-ulcer, oxytocin inhibiting, anticonvulsant, antinociceptive, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anxiolytic, hypolipidemic, anti-candidal, insecticidal,  hypoglycemic, and pesticidal propertie. The leave of Ficus exasperata\u27 and Alstonia boonei were dried in a laboratory environment devoid of direct sunlight till completely dry, after which they were extratec using methanol and then rotaroy evaporated to collect the extracts. Both the GC-MS and HPLC analyses revealed the presence of some biochemically useful hydrocarbons while the molecular docking results revealed the potential usefulness of some of these compounds as medicinal compounds as a result of the binding energies

The Imapact of Paracetamol on the Excretory System: A Review of Toxicity and Protective Strategies

Paracetamol, a painkiller and antipyretic, works well for pain and fever. But its availability and perceived safety puts us at risk of accidental overdose which can cause liver damage, kidney failure, and other side effects. Paracetamol works by inhibiting COX-2 enzymes, reducing prostaglandin production, and targeting the hypothalamus to relieve pain, inflammation, and fever. But overdose can cause severe kidney damage and impairment leading to acute and chronic renal dysfunction. Studies have shown that paracetamol administration can cause nephrotoxicity characterized by histopathological changes, oxidative damage, and apoptosis. Long term and repeated intake can cause kidney dysfunction, damage, and ultrastructure defects. Fortunately, several compounds have been found to counteract paracetamol’s toxic effects including Nigella sativa, nitric oxide, alpha- lipoic acid, quercetin, curcumin, and antioxidants. These substances have been shown to reduce oxidative stress, inflammation, and kidney damage caused by paracetamol overdose. In summary, while paracetamol is widely used as an effective painkiller, its potential for overdose and toxicity requires cautious use and awareness of the risks. The identification of compounds that can counteract paracetamol’s toxic effects is a promising avenue to reduce paracetamol-induced kidney damage and safe treatment

Exploring the Medicinal Mushroom Diversity of Mahabubnagar District, Telangana State, India

Mushrooms play important roles in the environment and have medicinal potential, especially in traditional practices. In India, people utilise wild mushrooms for both food and medicinal purposes, which is the primary focus of ethnomycology. Telangana has various ecosystems that can support important medicinal fungi; however, there are few studies on this topic in the area. This study records the diversity of medicinal mushrooms in the Mahabubnagar district and captures traditional knowledge about their use. Fourteen mushroom species were recorded in the survey. They were classified into eleven families and five orders. This classification shows their importance in terms of shape, habitat, nutrition, medicine, and toxicity. Agaricus campestris, Auricularia fuscosuccinea, Daldinia childiae, Fomitopsis pinicola, Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma curtisii, Podoscypha petalodes, Schizophyllum commune and Xylaria hypoxylon showed strong antitumor and immune-modulating effects. Conocybe tenera has psychoactive and neuropharmacological Potential. Auricularia fuscosuccinea and Tremella mesenterica displayed anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant activity. Other mushrooms like Bovista longispora, Podoscypha petalodes and Podaxis pistilaris, and Trametes villosa showed antimicrobial and wound-healing properties. Non-edible fungi such as Xylaria hypoxylon are known to produce bioactive compounds exhibiting cytotoxic and anticancer properties. More research is necessary to unlock the potential of wild mushrooms for drug development and traditional medicine

DHEA and TNF-α: Key Factors in Managing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Iraqi Females

The most common endocrine condition that affects fertile women worldwide is known as polycystic ovarian syndrome, or PCOS. Depending on the diagnostic criteria applied, the prevalence might range from 5% to 15%. The presence of two of the three criteria—polycystic ovaries, clinical or biological hyperandrogenism, and chronic anovulation—must be present for PCOS to be diagnosed, under the recommendations of specialized societies. DHEA and DHEA-S levels of androgens are frequently high in women with PCOS. Acne, irregular menstruation periods, and hirsutism excessive hair growth can all be indications of this hormonal imbalance. Two groups were involved in the study: there are one hundred women in the patient group, which is the initial group. Between October 1, 2023, and March 1, 2024, 50 patients and 50 healthy individuals served as controls, as determined by a team of experienced gynecologists at the Fertility Center in AL-Sadder Medical City in Najaf Province, Iraq. 5 ml of blood were drawn from a brachial vein using sterile medical syringes on female subjects who were in the luteal phase for this investigation, and the blood was then put in a gel. To determine LH, FSH, Prolactin, DHEA, TNF-α, and IL-6 using an ELISA kit (Elabscience, USA) and lipid profile using an automated biochemistry analyzer (Beckman Coulter, USA), the serum was extracted, put in Eppendorf tubes, and deep frozen at -20 °C.  According to the current study\u27s findings, POCS women\u27s levels of DHEA are much higher than those of healthy women. Additionally, the research demonstrated that, when compared to healthy controls, women with polycystic syndrome had significantly higher blood levels of IL6 and TNF-α. The results clearly show a correlation between PCOS and increased levels of DHEA, IL-6, and TNF-α

Cadmium Accumulation in Some Organs of Rana Ridibunda Ridibunda Affect Erythrocytic Nuclear Abnormalities

n the current research, accumulation of cadmium was investigated in various organs kidney, liver and the testis of Ranaridibunda exposed to diverse experimental levels of cadmium and erythrocytic abnormalities. Rana ridibunda species inhabits small shallow streams located in North Mosul / Iraq. Although cadmium level was not detectable in source water and expected to be with quality water guideline levels to protect the life in fresh freshwater proposed by the Agency of environmental protection (EPA), therefore the noticeable Cd level detected in experimental animals could pose danger to aquatic organisms. The Cd concentration in the different frog tissues was variable, the highest concentration was found in testis and the lowest in the liver. Frogs from treated groups had significantly higher hepatic (1.3232 2.1800, 3.5130 μg / g), renal (3.4556, 4.2850, 4.9992 μg /g) and testicular (3.5812, 4.8170, 5.5556 μg / g ) for 2.5, 5 and 10 Cd / µg /L respectively than those from the control group (1.0718, 1.9678, 3.2290 μg / g). There was erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities which significantly higher in number of Micronuclei (MN), notched nuclei (N), Lobed nuclei (L) and nuclei with kidney shaped (K) respectively were noted in the groups for 2.5 and 5 Cd / µg /L treated groups than that from natural sites, also with higher frequency significantly of immature erythrocyte with deleterious effect and totally erythrocytes demolished at 10 Cd / µg /g. This research found that cadmium accumulation of the different treatments frogs have higher in testicular, renal, hepatic and found a higher number of erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities when compared to frogs from natural habitat. Therefore, the accumulation of cadmium in the tissues that are used with concentrations and sampling periods is taken into consideration

SNP Variety of UMOD Gene in Patients with Hypertension Disease in Hilla Province

A major risk factor for cardiovascular illnesses, hypertension—also known as high blood pressure—is shaped by both environmental and hereditary elements. Recent research have shown several genetic variations linked to hypertension, among which the rs13333226 variant found in the Uromodulin gene (UMOD). This paper explores the biological relevance of Uromodulin, consequences of the rs13333226 variation, and possible function in hypertension. Fifty blood samples in all came from diabetic patients visiting the Diabetes Center at Merjan Teaching Hospital in Babylon, Iraq. Five samples in all were also gathered to act as a control group. PCR magnificues DNA taken from blood samples. The SOD2 gene was genotyped using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method then applying the DNA single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) method. The single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) technique thus verified the genuineness of these DNA polymorphisms. The findings show several haplotypes seen in SOD2. The findings showed that in the sick group the DNA polymorphism distribution was 84% and 16%; in the control group it was 70% and 30%. Understanding hypertension depends much on the rs13333226 variation on the Uromodulin gene. Clarifying the link between this variation and blood pressure control would help scientists open the path for better risk evaluation and focused treatments in the control of hypertension. Complete knowledge of the consequences of this variation and its possible influence in cardiovascular health depends on ongoing research