Determination of volatile compounds of the first rose oil and the first rose water by HS-SPME/GC/MS techniques

Background: Rose water and rose oil are used in the perfume, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industries. The determination of volatile compounds in rose oil and rose water obtained from oil-bearing rose is highly important in terms of availability in the industry and in human health.Materials and Methods: Twenty four and twenty six volatile compounds were determined in the first rose oil and in the first rose water. Thus, in this study, volatile compounds in the first rose oil and first rose water have been determined by HS-SPME/GC/MS (Headspace-Solid Phase Micro Extraction/Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry) techniques which were not published previously for determining volatile compounds in rose oil and rose water.Results: Twenty four and twenty six volatile compounds were found in the first rose oil and in the first rose water, respectively. It was further discovered that both first rose oil and first rose water are rich in oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, with a third group of volatile compounds known as aliphatic hydrocarbons being found only in first rose oil. Citronellol contents of the first rose oil and rose water were found to be 43.40% and 40.13% respectively, whereas geraniol contents were 11.81% and 15.97%, respectively.Conclusion: These findings suggest that HS-SPME/GC/MS is a suitable technique for the determination of volatile compounds of rose oil and rose water.Keywords: Oil-bearing rose, Rosa damascena, HS-SPME/GC/MS, volatile compounds

Effects of different irrigation intervals and fertilizer applications on certain chemical contents of ‘Braeburn’ apple cultivar

The aim of present study was to investigate effects of different irrigation intervals and fertilizers on total lipid, fatty acid and sugar accumulation of Braeburn apple cultivar under Mediterranean climatic conditions. Irrigation program was performed for two consecutive years with three different intervals (1, 3 and 7 days). In fertilization, 40 g N, 32 g P2O5 and 80 g K2O per tree (with four replications) applied in the same doses for both years, except for the increased N (50 g per tree) for second year, considering the vegetative growth of the trees. The fruits were commercially harvested in 2006 season. The lipid content ranged from 0.22% (daily irrigation without fertilizer) to 0.70% (irrigation in 7 days intervals with fertilizer). The highest fatty acid was obtained from treatment 3 (irrigation in 3 days intervals without fertilizer) (83.95%), while the treatment 6 provided the least value with 64.08% (irrigation in 7 days intervals with fertilizer). Although certain changes on fructose, glucose, sucrose and total sugars content were detected, the differences were not statistically significantly among the treatments

Advances in Rootstock Breeding of Nut Trees: Objectives and Strategies

The production and consumption of nuts are increasing in the world due to strong economic returns and the nutritional value of their products. With the increasing role and importance given to nuts (i.e., walnuts, hazelnut, pistachio, pecan, almond) in a balanced and healthy diet and their benefits to human health, breeding of the nuts species has also been stepped up. Most recent fruit breeding programs have focused on scion genetic improvement. However, the use of locally adapted grafted rootstocks also enhanced the productivity and quality of tree fruit crops. Grafting is an ancient horticultural practice used in nut crops to manipulate scion phenotype and productivity and overcome biotic and abiotic stresses. There are complex rootstock breeding objectives and physiological and molecular aspects of rootstock–scion interactions in nut crops. In this review, we provide an overview of these, considering the mechanisms involved in nutrient and water uptake, regulation of phytohormones, and rootstock influences on the scion molecular processes, including long-distance gene silencing and trans-grafting. Understanding the mechanisms resulting from rootstock × scion × environmental interactions will contribute to developing new rootstocks with resilience in the face of climate change, but also of the multitude of diseases and pests.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Preliminary results on the polyphenol content of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. 'Florida Fortuna') fruits during ripening

Strawberries are a common and important fruit worldwide and its production and consumption increases year after year. One of the most important reasons for this constant growth of the industry is that recent studies have shown that strawberry fruits are rich in health benefit compounds such as antioxidant and polyphenolic compounds. According to recent epidemiological studies, many beneficial compounds play a crucial role in the prevention of several diseases, particularly, cancer, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and other chronic pathologies. The contents of those compounds can vary according to genotype, ecological conditions, cultural applications and ripen stages. The aim of this investigation was to characterize strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. 'Florida Fortuna') fruits content in phenolic and bioactive compounds during various ripening (green, pink, ripe) stages by HPLC techniques

Identification of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa 'Rubygem') volatiles using various SPME fibres by GC/MS

Strawberry aroma is unique, highly desirable, and depends on many factors such as genetic variability within the species, climatic conditions and postharvest environment. Among the hundreds of volatiles identified compounds esters are quantitatively and qualitatively the most abundant class of these compounds. The chemical and physical properties of the different volatiles vary, and this may influence the results obtained in volatile determinations depending on the method used. Headspace and solvent extraction methods are mostly used to characterize strawberry aroma by sampling and analyzing volatile compounds. Thus, different determination methods might cause alterations in the apparent overall aroma composition, and usually only approximate quantitative determinations of the volatiles can be performed. Quality control can be difficult if inappropriate methods are used. SPME (Solid Phase Micro Extraction) is a solvent-free, inexpensive, rapid and versatile method for the extraction of organic compounds. It consists of a fused-silica fibre, coated with a polymeric stationary phase introduced into a liquid or gas sample. The aim of the present work was to compare various SPME fibres (CAR/PDMS, PDMS, CAR/PDMS/DVB) using GC/MS (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry) to identify volatile compositions in fruits of the 'Rubygem' cultivar

Physical and phytochemical profile of wild and domesticated carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) genotypes

One wild and two domesticated (‘Etli’ and ’Sisam‘) carob genotypes grown in Antalya, Turkey were assessed for their physical and chemical properties in a comparative study. In most physical pod traits, the domesticated genotypes had higher values than those found in the wild genotype. On the other hand, physical seed traits such as average number of seed and seed to husk ratio had higher values in the wild genotype compared with the domesticated genotypes. Soluble solid content and the content of fructose, glucose and sucrose of the domesticated genotypes were higher than those found in the wild genotype. The levels of sucrose were found to be the highest compared with all the other sugars, in all genotypes. The N and K concentrations in the husk of the wild genotype were higher than that found in domesticated genotypes. The content of macro and micro nutrients in the seeds were quite similar among all the genotypes. The most abundant fatty acids were the methyl-esters of oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2n6), palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0). The husk of the wild genotype contained higher concentrations of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids compared with that of the domesticated genotypes. Fat concentration and fatty acid composition are the first reported in this paper. Our results suggest that ‘Etli’ and ‘Sisam’ are advantageous over the wild type regarding pod properties, while the wild genotype was found to be better regarding seed properties

Morphological diversity and a germplasm survey of three wild Pistacia species in Turkey

The common wild Pistacia species in Turkey are P. terebinthus L., P. atlantica Desf. and P. eurycarpa Yalt. A total of 65 Pistacia genotypes from different parts of Turkey were surveyed and characterized phenotypically and morphologically for this study: 10 P. eurycarpa genotypes from Siirt and Gaziantep provinces, 45 P. atlantica and 10 P. terebinthus genotypes from Adana, Aydin and Manisa provinces. Their seeds were sampled and seedlings were produced to characterize as compared to the their leaves with leaf traits of maternal trees. A total of 30 characters (four tree, 19 leaf and seven nut) were used to characterize this collection, including ten quantitative characters and 20 qualitative characters. Both at the inter- and intra-specific level, the 65 genotypes displayed high diversity. Several characters were found to be diagnostic at the species level among the three species. Correlations between characters were found for each species separately. Nut weight was positively correlated with terminal leaflet length and with nut dimensions in all three species. Morphological description of several Pistacia genotypes revealed inter-specific hybrids