Liberalizm czy interwencjonizm? Recepta na kryzys

The uneven nature of market economy development is particularly visible in the historical perspective. The paper underlines the most important theoretical aspects related to business cycles, the reasons for the emergence of crises, and the practical symptoms of the cyclical development of economies. It also briefly analyzes more significant business fluctuations (crises), their reasons, nature and consequences, as well as the changing responses of the state to such crises. Market imbalance is a result of the continuous game of supply and demand, prices and numerous other factors that determine the growth of national product. The analysis of cyclical fluctuations in business over the period of the last century shows that they are unavoidable, that a period of growth is always followed by that of a fall, and that the pace and size of the former frequently determine the depth of the latter. The paper attempts to evidence that each wave results either from appropriate activity or a limitation of activity of the governments concerned. Liberalism or interventionism? What is the right prescription for a crisis? This question can be answered when we review previous crises and the ways of solving them under concrete economic, historical and social conditions. It appears that at a time when states perform an extensive range of functions for their citizens, it is unavoidable to apply some form of interventionism in a majority of situations. Whereas liberal doctrine and practice decidedly prevail on an everyday basis, in exceptional moments, such as economic crises, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, or other events that threaten the feeling of security, society allows for, or actually demands that the governments take appropriate measures. It expects that the state will offer assistance, and if it is not the state, then maybe some other organization. An economy is a living organism and – as in the case of humans – it has to care for itself to prevent illness, as prevention is always better and easier than cure. Another question arises, though – who is supposed to care for an economy and how

Liberalizm czy interwencjonizm? Recepta na kryzys

The uneven nature of market economy development is particularly visible in the historical perspective. The paper underlines the most important theoretical aspects related to business cycles, the reasons for the emergence of crises, and the practical symptoms of the cyclical development of economies. It also briefly analyzes more significant business fluctuations (crises), their reasons, nature and consequences, as well as the changing responses of the state to such crises. Market imbalance is a result of the continuous game of supply and demand, prices and numerous other factors that determine the growth of national product. The analysis of cyclical fluctuations in business over the period of the last century shows that they are unavoidable, that a period of growth is always followed by that of a fall, and that the pace and size of the former frequently determine the depth of the latter. The paper attempts to evidence that each wave results either from appropriate activity or a limitation of activity of the governments concerned. Liberalism or interventionism? What is the right prescription for a crisis? This question can be answered when we review previous crises and the ways of solving them under concrete economic, historical and social conditions. It appears that at a time when states perform an extensive range of functions for their citizens, it is unavoidable to apply some form of interventionism in a majority of situations. Whereas liberal doctrine and practice decidedly prevail on an everyday basis, in exceptional moments, such as economic crises, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, or other events that threaten the feeling of security, society allows for, or actually demands that the governments take appropriate measures. It expects that the state will offer assistance, and if it is not the state, then maybe some other organization. An economy is a living organism and – as in the case of humans – it has to care for itself to prevent illness, as prevention is always better and easier than cure. Another question arises, though – who is supposed to care for an economy and how

Presidential elections 2015 – candidates and their economic programs

Celem artykułu jest krótka prezentacja sylwetek wszystkich zarejestrowanych kandydatów w wyborach prezydenckich z 2015 roku oraz ich najważniejszych postulatów w sferze gospodarczej, a także szersza analiza programów wyborczych w tym zakresie zaprezentowanych przez dwóch kandydatów, którzy uzyskali największe poparcie i spotkali się w drugiej turze wyborów, czyli Andrzeja Dudy i Bronisława Komorowskiego. Analizie poddane zostaną programy w części odnoszącej się do sfery gospodarczej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem kwestii poświęconych zatrudnieniu i przedsiębiorczości.The objective of the paper is a concise presentation of the profiles of all candidates registered in the 2015 presidential elections, their most significant economic postulates and a broader analysis of the economic aspect of the election platforms presented by the two candidates who won the biggest support and entered the second round of the elections, namely Andrzej Duda and Bronisław Komorowski. Election platforms are analyzed with respect to economy with a particular emphasis given to employment and entrepreneurship

The Evolution and Factors Shaping the Community Labor Market before the Eastern Enlargement of the European Union in 2004

Ewolucja oraz determinanty kształtujące wspólnotowy rynek pracy przed wschodnim rozszerzeniem Unii Europejskiej w 2004 r.The Evolution and Factors Shaping the Community Labor Market before the Eastern Enlargement of the European Union in 200

Formy dialogowe w polskich wideoblogach sportowych w świetle lingwistyki mediów

Celem rozprawy doktorskiej jest charakterystyka form dialogowych występujących w polskich wideoblogach prowadzonych przez dziennikarzy sportowych w serwisie YouTube. Rozważania zaprezentowane w dysertacji to efekt analizy materiału badawczego składającego się ze 120 odcinków zaczerpniętych z 6 wideoblogów sportowych publikowanych w serwisie YouTube: „KOstyra SE”, „Prawda Futbolu”, „Prawda Siatki”, „Polsport — Michał Pol”, „Tomasz Ćwiąkała” i „Foot Truck”. Formy dialogowe występujące w tych materiałach audiowizualnych są ujmowane z punktu widzenia lingwistyki mediów. Wybór tej subdyscypliny jako podstawowej jest podyktowany głównie jej otwartością na różne sposoby opisu, wielonurtowością oraz wieloaspektowością ujęć. Z tego względu w analizie wykorzystano różne metody badawcze. Po pierwsze, do opisu wideobloga zastosowano koncepcję gatunku w formie kolekcji opracowaną przez Marię Wojtak. Po drugie, w omówieniu struktury dialogów uwzględniono lingwistykę tekstu, w tym rozważania m.in. Małgorzaty Kity, Magdaleny Ślawskiej oraz Iwony Loewe. Po trzecie, w charakterystyce relacji nadawczo-odbiorczych w polskich wideoblogach sportowych odwołano się do pragmatyki językowej, w tym do podstawowych norm grzeczności językowej sformułowanych przez Paula Grice’a, Geoffreya Leecha i Małgorzatę Marcjanik. Przeprowadzone badanie pozwala na weryfikację trzech hipotez, które brzmią następująco: 1) internetowe komunikaty audiowizualne bazują na dialogowości, która jest wszechobecna w mediosferze, 2) wideoblog to autochtoniczny dla internetu gatunek w formie kolekcji, a jego poszczególne komponenty znacząco wpływają na realizację dialogowości na poziomie mikro- i makrosytuacyjnym, 3) uczestnicy form dialogowych w wideoblogach sportowych kierują się podstawowymi wartościami dialogu znanymi z tradycyjnego myślenia o nim, zgodnymi z szerokim rozumieniem tego pojęcia, czyli kooperacją, szacunkiem, współdziałaniem, porozumieniem i wzajemnym zrozumieniem, które determinują realizację partnerstwa oraz wspólnotowości

Poland and the Czech Republic in the Process of Globalization

The purpose of an article was to analyses complexity of the globalization process and its effects for the functioning of the Polish and Czech economies. In addition to the opportunities and threats of the globalization process, the study includes an analysis of the primary indicators for both economies, i.e. GDP, participation in foreign trade, flow of foreign investment and ranking of the KOF globalization index

Zjawisko migracji leksemów z angielszczyzny do polszczyzny (na przykładzie nowego słownictwa internetowego)

Polish Internet’s lexis is one of those areas where there is a strong tendency to migrate language elements. Users of social media, messengers or auction sites eagerly borrow words of English to Polish and then absorb and disseminate it in everyday speech. On the basis of the collected research material (mainly new non-personal nouns), the article shows the trends that can be seen in the reception and assimilation of new words thematically related to the internet. Attention was paid to such elements as their word-formation and variability of spelling. Then on the similarity of dictionary entries describes two nouns borrowings: selfie and clickbait

Imigranci zarobkowi na polskim rynku pracy

Polish economy and labor market, as part of the EU’s common market, offer enormous opportunities in terms of both economic activity and employment for the citizens of member states. However, member states employ also a large number of people from outside the Union, i.e. from third countries. Economic migration is an inseparable feature of diversified social and economic development of individual countries and will always play an important role from the point of view of both receiving and sending countries. The aging society and improving situation on the labor market in Poland have increased the demand for workers from third countries.Polska gospodarka i polski rynek pracy, jako elementy wspólnego rynku UE dają ogromne możliwości zarówno w zakresie handlu i usług, jak i podejmowania działalności gospodarczej oraz zatrudnienia dla obywateli państw członkowskich. Jednak na rynkach pracy krajów członkowskich zatrudniona jest również spora liczba osób spoza granic Unii, czyli tzw. krajów trzecich. Migracje o charakterze zarobkowym stanowią nieodłączną cechę nierównomiernego rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego poszczególnych państw i będą zawsze odgrywały istotną rolę zarówno z punktu widzenia krajów przyjmujących, jak i wysyłających. Starzejące się społeczeństwo i coraz lepsza sytuacja na rynku pracy w Polsce, sprawiają, że wzrasta zapotrzebowanie na pracowników z państw trzecich

Gospodarka to kobieta – kobiety w życiu gospodarczym Polski – rola, miejsce, wpływ

The situation of women in the labor market has long been the subject of numerous academic studies and discussions at various levels. This paper touches on the issue of the roles women play in the economy. These roles are related both to the unpaid housework performed by women at home and professional work at different levels (performed either as self-employed workers or as employees in the labor market). The considerations presented in the paper unfortunately corroborate the common conviction that the situation of women in the labor market is worse than men’s. The first group under analysis are housewives, who are frequently unable to make a free decision about whether they should work or stay at home. The second group are professional women who find employment or are self-employed.Women in the former group are frustrated by the fact that they do not generate any income in their household, although their work is in fact extremely valuable. The second group faces the ‘glass ceiling’ phenomenon, finds employment in the so-called pink collar sector, sees a prevalence of women working in the public sector, and faces problems with balancing work and family obligations. The paper also indicates the instruments that could improve the situation of women in economic life in Poland, primarily including flexible forms of employment, improved availability (in terms of price and amount) and quality of child care facilities (nurseries, kindergartens, and others), more extensive activities to promote the equality of the sexes (fighting stereotypes) and more opportunities to share childcare responsibilities (on top of extant legal solutions). It has also been observed that women themselves frequently adapt to fit the stereotypes, that they have lower expectations in terms of remuneration, do not allow themselves to be assertive and become overloaded with responsibilities, and they imprint the stereotypes of social and economic roles of men and women on their children. It is concluded that steps need to be taken to ensure greater appreciation of housework, and to make becoming a housewife a conscious decision rather than a compulsion. As regards women who opt for employment or self-employment, they need to be ensured appropriate remuneration that corresponds to their qualifications, experience and achievements, as well as professional advancement regardless of sex.The situation of women in the labor market has long been the subject of numerous academic studies and discussions at various levels. This paper touches on the issue of the roles women play in the economy. These roles are related both to the unpaid housework performed by women at home and professional work at different levels (performed either as self-employed workers or as employees in the labor market). The considerations presented in the paper unfortunately corroborate the common conviction that the situation of women in the labor market is worse than men’s. The first group under analysis are housewives, who are frequently unable to make a free decision about whether they should work or stay at home. The second group are professional women who find employment or are self-employed.Women in the former group are frustrated by the fact that they do not generate any income in their household, although their work is in fact extremely valuable. The second group faces the ‘glass ceiling’ phenomenon, finds employment in the so-called pink collar sector, sees a prevalence of women working in the public sector, and faces problems with balancing work and family obligations. The paper also indicates the instruments that could improve the situation of women in economic life in Poland, primarily including flexible forms of employment, improved availability (in terms of price and amount) and quality of child care facilities (nurseries, kindergartens, and others), more extensive activities to promote the equality of the sexes (fighting stereotypes) and more opportunities to share childcare responsibilities (on top of extant legal solutions). It has also been observed that women themselves frequently adapt to fit the stereotypes, that they have lower expectations in terms of remuneration, do not allow themselves to be assertive and become overloaded with responsibilities, and they imprint the stereotypes of social and economic roles of men and women on their children. It is concluded that steps need to be taken to ensure greater appreciation of housework, and to make becoming a housewife a conscious decision rather than a compulsion. As regards women who opt for employment or self-employment, they need to be ensured appropriate remuneration that corresponds to their qualifications, experience and achievements, as well as professional advancement regardless of sex