The lateral distributions of charged particles of energy greater than 0.3 E sub crit in electron-photon cascades in lead and air

In recent investigations, both theoretical and experimental, the agreement between cascade theory and experimental data is pointed out. The radial distributions obtained from the Monte Carlo simulation are compared ith the results of the analytical theory for all particles in cascades. The data on the mean radius of electron lateral distribution in air are compared with those in lead

Challenges and Opportunities in Personal Assistance Services in Rural Contexts

Little is known about the experiences of people living in rural areas who need paid assistance for activities of daily living in their homes. This study focused on how rurality and access to workers intersected with the daily and community experiences of people who rely on personal assistants (termed “consumers”) for their activities of daily living. We 38 semi-structured qualitative interviews with people who used personal assistance services and identified as living in a rural place. Interview topics included: Finding, hiring, and training workers; worker qualities; and how living in a rural place impacted personal assistance services. From these interviews, we identified three main themes: 1) Type of rural community matters, 2) aspects of rural living that impact personal assistance services and community living, and 3) important worker characteristics for providing rural services. These findings indicate that variations in rural contexts and culture need to be considered in service delivery and practice

Be careful where you smile : culture shapes judgments of intelligence and honesty of smiling individuals

Smiling individuals are usually perceived more favorably than non-smiling ones – they are judged as happier, more attractive, competent, and friendly. These seemingly clear and obvious consequences of smiling are assumed to be culturally universal, however most of the psychological research is carried out in WEIRD societies (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) and the influence of culture on social perception of nonverbal behavior is still understudied. Here we show that a smiling individual may be judged as less intelligent than the same non-smiling individual in cultures low on the GLOBE’s uncertainty avoidance dimension. Furthermore, we show that corruption at the societal level may undermine the prosocial perception of smiling – in societies with high corruption indicators, trust toward smiling individuals is reduced. This research fosters understanding of the cultural framework surrounding nonverbal communication processes and reveals that in some cultures smiling may lead to negative attributions

Putting the “We” Into Well‐being: Using Collectivism‐Themed Measures of Well‐Being Attenuates Well‐being's Association With Individualism

Studies repeatedly have documented that societal well‐being is associated with individualism. Most of these studies, however, have conceptualized/measured well‐being as individual life satisfaction—a type of well‐being that originates in Western research traditions. Drawing from the latest research on interdependent happiness and on family well‐being, we posit that people across cultures pursue different types of well‐being, and test whether more collectivism‐themed types of well‐being that originate in Confucian traditions also are associated with individualism. Based on data collected from 2,036 participants across 12 countries, we find support for the association between individual life satisfaction and individualism at the societal level, but show that well‐being's association with individualism is attenuated when some collectivism‐themed measures of well‐being are considered. Our article advances knowledge on the flourishing of societies by suggesting that individualism may not always be strongly linked with societal well‐being. Implications for public policies are signaled

ProKinO: An Ontology for Integrative Analysis of Protein Kinases in Cancer

Protein kinases are a large and diverse family of enzymes that are genomically altered in many human cancers. Targeted cancer genome sequencing efforts have unveiled the mutational profiles of protein kinase genes from many different cancer types. While mutational data on protein kinases is currently catalogued in various databases, integration of mutation data with other forms of data on protein kinases such as sequence, structure, function and pathway is necessary to identify and characterize key cancer causing mutations. Integrative analysis of protein kinase data, however, is a challenge because of the disparate nature of protein kinase data sources and data formats., where the mutations are spread over 82 distinct kinases. We also provide examples of how ontology-based data analysis can be used to generate testable hypotheses regarding cancer mutations.

A meta‐analysis of change in applicants' perceptions of fairness

Using an event‐triggered multi‐stage framework, this random‐effects meta‐analysis examined the changes in applicants' perceptions of fairness between consecutive stages and throughout the entire personnel selection process. We integrated findings of studies with at least two measurement points, resulting in 45 effect sizes (overall N = 3,038). Trajectories of perceptions of fairness decreased nonlinearly across the process, with a steeper decrease for people who held high levels of initial fairness expectations. Unjust treatment produced a decrease in perceptions of fairness from pretest to posttest and an increase from posttest to postdecision. Furthermore, the length of the time interval moderated the changes in fairness perceptions between the posttest and postdecision stage. Practical implications and an agenda for future research are discussed

Spatial and Energy Distribution of Muons in Gamma-induced Air Showers

The FLUKA Monte Carlo program is used to calculate the effects of hadroproduction by primary gamma rays incident upon the earth's atmosphere; for the results presented in this paper, only primary angles at 0 degrees from zenith are considered. The FLUKA code is believed to be quite accurate in reproducing experimental photon hadroproduction data in the 1 GeV to 10 TeV energy range studied. The charged pions which are so produced can decay to muons with sufficient energy to reach ground level. The number of these muons and their radial and energy distribution are studied for incident gamma ray energies from 1 GeV to 10 TeV. The number of these muons is not negligible; they can, in certain circumstances, be used to study potential sources of gamma rays like gamma ray bursts. It is found, for example, that a 10 TeV incident primary gamma ray produces, on average, 3.4 muons which reach ground level; the gamma ray energy which produces the maximum number of muons at ground level depends on the spectral index of the primary gamma spectrum, a constant which describes how the primary gamma flux rises with decreasing primary energy. An example: for a differential spectral index of 2.7, there is a broad maximum number of muons coming from ~ 30 GeV primary gamma ray energy.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures. Updated and expanded version of 26th ICRC vol 2, 127 (1999); HE.3.2.2