Indirect Purchaser Doctrine: Antecedent Transaction, The

Section Four of the Clayton Act,2 the treble-damage action provision of the federal antitrust laws, was intended to foster and encourage competition by allowing private enforcement of the antitrust laws. The ever-present threat of a private action for treble-damages serves as a deterrent to anyone contemplating business activities in violation of the antitrust laws and offers the possibility of compensation to victims injured by anti-competitive activities.3 The Supreme Court\u27s decision in illinois Brick Co. v. lllinois4 defined the reach of the trebledamage provision by holding that only direct purchasers of illegally monopolized products or services have standing to sue under Section Four of the Clayton Ac

The Relationship Between Parental Involvement and the Academic Success of Fifth Grade Students

The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a statistically significant relationship between the level of parental involvement of fifth grade students and the scores that these students achieved on their fourth grade New York State Math and ELA Tests. Surveys were returned from the parents of fifty-eight students. The students were divided into two groups—high and low achievers based on their scores on the NYS Math and ELA tests. High achievement was defined as a score of 3 or 4 and low achievement was defined as a score of 1 or 2. Surveys were sent home to parents of these students to collect information about the level of active parental involvement in their lives. Comparisons were then made to determine the relationship between the achievement level of the student on the state tests and the amount of parental involvement in the life of that student. Fifty-eight surveys were returned. Results revealed that there was no significant correlation between what the researcher described as active parental involvement and student success in school

Must We Talk about That Reasonable Accommodation--The Eighth Circuit Says Yes, But Is the Answer Reasonable

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) has been hailed by advocates for persons with disabilities as the most important civil rights act passed since 1964, and as the “Emancipation Proclamation” for Americans with disabilities. Critics of the ADA “cast the law as overly broad, difficult to interpret, inefficient, and as a preferential treatment initiative.” Other question whether the law’s economic benefits outweigh its administrative costs. Empirical data also suggests that “the ADA’s track record in improving employment opportunities for individuals with disabilities appears dismal.” Aggravating the problem, and contrary to the media’s portrayal of the ADA as a windfall statute for plaintiffs. Studies show that individuals with disabilities are finding it nearly impossible to win in court. Nonetheless, by providing “a clear and comprehensive national mandate for the elimination of discrimination against individuals with disabilities,” the ADA is an innovative attempt by Congress to address the pervasive problem of discrimination against persons with disabilities. More than eight years after the effective date of Title I, fundamental questions remain. This Note examines one aspect of the ongoing evaluation and debate: What responsibilities do employers and employees have in the reasonable accommodation process? The Federal regulations implementing the ADA provide guidance by suggesting that employers participate in an “interactive process” to help their employees find reasonable accommodation. However, courts remain divided on the question whether employers must participate in an interactive process and whether they can be held liable for failure to do so. The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit recently had the opportunity to consider this issue in Fjellestad v. Pizza Hut of America, Inc

Effects Of Alternative Foreign Exchange Allocation On The Zambian Economy With Specific Reference To The Agricultural Sector: 1985 - 1988

An AEE Working Paper on the: Effects Of Alternative Foreign Exchange Allocation On The Zambian Economy With Specific Reference To The Agricultural Sector: 1985 - 1988In October 1985, the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) established a system of foreign exchange auctioning. This replaced quarterly rationing by an inter-ministerial committee which by many accounts had become inefficient and corrupt (Sanderson, 1987). The auction, and the host of accompanying reforms, had enormous short-run consequences for Zambian political and economic stability and had long-run potential .for pro-found structural transformation until its cancellation by President Kaunda in May 1987. Because the auction was terminated only recently and the new Foreign Exchange Management Committee (FEMAC) which rations foreign exchange has only been operating for one year, little has been written comparing economic performance and the business climate under the alternative systems. This paper examines the effects of these different foreign exchange allocation systems on agriculture. We will first address three questions at the level of the general economy

Agricultural pricing policy and trade in several SADCC countries: preliminary results

A research paper on the effects of pricing policies on trade within the SADCC region.This paper focuses on the incentive effects of agricultural pricing and exchange rate policies on intra-SADCC trade in staple food commodities. In the following section, recent intra-SADCC trade patterns in staple food commodities are briefly reviewed. Then, the transportation cost argument for intraregional trade is assessed by examining differences between import and export parity prices for a number of SADCC markets. Import parity prices from various official and parallel market sources are then compared to illustrate the potential incentive effects of agricultural pricing and exchange rate policies on intraregional trade. The paper concludes by advocating the need for more systematic collection of parallel market data as an important input into agricultural policy analysis in SADCC countries.The Food Security Research Project is financed by the U.S. Agency for International Development, Bureau of Science and Technology; Bureau for Africa; and the Southern Africa Regional Programme; under a Food Security in Africa cooperative agreement (DAN-1190-A-00-4092-00) with the Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University and Memorandum of Understanding with the Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Zimbabwe. We are particularly appreciative of the support we have received from USAID officials, including Allison Herrick, Eric Witt, Joshua Mushuari, Doug Pickett, and Brad Wallach of USAID/Zimbabwe; and our Washington-based project managers, Michael Yates (Science and Technology) and Patricia O’brien (Africa Bureau)

Evaluation of Magnetic Ion Exchange (MIEX) Pre-treatment on Ozonation Performance and Disinfection By-Product Formation

The purpose of this research was to investigate the performance of treatment with magnetic ion exchange (MIEX) resin followed by ozonation of waters from the San Francisco Bay Delta in achieving disinfection goals while controlling bromate and chlorinated disinfection by-product (DBP) formation. Three water samples were collected from raw water supplies impacted by the Delta to represent the varying levels of bromide and organic carbon that occur throughout the year. A fourth water was prepared by spiking bromide and chloride into a portion of one of the samples. Jar testing with alum and MIEX resin was conducted to determine optimal doses for total organic carbon (TOC) and (in the case of MIEX resin) bromide removal. Samples of each water were treated with alum or MIEX resin, and the raw and treated waters were subsequently ozonated under semi-batch conditions to assess the impact of treatment on ozone demand, ozone exposure for disinfection ("CT"), and bromate formation. Finally, aliquots of raw, coagulated, resin-treated, and ozonated waters were chlorinated in order to measure trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP). In the waters studied, MIEX resin removed 41-68% of raw water TOC, compared to 12-44% for alum. MIEX resin also reduced the bromide concentration by 20-50%. The removal of TOC by alum and MIEX resin significantly reduced the ozone demand of all waters studied, resulting in higher dissolved ozone concentrations and CT values for a given amount of ozone transferred into solution. For a given level of disinfection (CT), the amount of bromate produced by ozonation of MIEX-treated waters was similar to or slightly less than that of raw water. MIEX resin removed 39-85% of THMFP compared to 16-56%removal by alum. Ozonation reduced THMFP by 35-45% in all cases. This work indicates that in bromide-rich waters in which ozone disinfection is used, MIEX resin is a more appropriate treatment than alum for the removal of organic carbon, as it achieves superior TOC and THM precursor removal and decreases the production of bromate.Master of Science in Environmental Engineerin

Kinetic analysis of copper(I)/feringa-phosphoramidite catalysed AlEt3 1,4-addition to cyclohex-2-en-1-one

ReactIR studies of mixtures of AlEt3 (A) and cyclohex-2-en-1-one (CX) in Et2O indicate immediate formation of the Lewis acid-base complex (CX.A) at -40 oC (K = 12.0 M-1, ΔGo react -1.1 kcal mol-1). Copper(I) catalysts, derived from pre-catalytic Cu(OAc)2 (up to 5 mol- %) and (R,S,S)-P(binaphtholate){N(CHMePh)2} [Feringa’s ligand (L), up to 5 mol-%] convert CX.A (0.04-0.3 M) into its 1,4-addition product enolate (E) within 2000 sec at -40 oC. Kinetic studies (ReactIR and chiral GC) of CX.A, CX and (R)-3-ethylcyclohexanone (P, the H+ quench product of enolate E) show that the true catalyst is formed in the first 300 sec and this subsequently provides P in 82% ee. This true catalyst converts CX.A to E with a rate law [Cu]1.5[L]0.66[CX.A]1 when [L]/[Cu] ≤ 3.5. Above this ligand ratio inhibition by added ligand with order [L]-2.5 is observed. A rate determining step (rds) of Cu3L2(CX.A)2 stoichiometry is shown to be most consistent with the rate law. The presence of the enolate in the active catalyst (Graphical Abstract) best accounts for the reaction’s induction period and molecularity as [E] ≡ [CX.A]. Catalysis proceeds through a ‘shuttling mechanism’ between two C2 symmetry related ground state intermediates. Each turnover consumes one equivalent of CX.A, expels one molecule of E and forms the new Cu-Et bond needed for the next cycle (Graphic Abstract). The observed ligand (L) inhibition and a non-linear ligand Lee effect on the ee of P are all well simulated by the kinetic model. DFT studies [ωB97X-D/SRSC] support coordination of CX.A to the groundstate Cu-trimer and its rapid conversion to E

Ultrasound-detected pathologies cluster into groups with different clinical outcomes: data from 3000 community referrals for shoulder pain

Background Ultrasound is increasingly used to evaluate shoulder pain but the benefits of this are unclear. This study examined whether ultrasound-defined pathologies have implications for clinical outcomes. Methods We extracted reported pathologies from 3000 ultrasound scans of people with shoulder pain referred from primary care. Latent class analysis (LCA) identified whether individual pathologies clustered in groups. Optimal group number was determined by the minimum Bayesian information criterion. A questionnaire was sent to all patients scanned over a 12-month period (n=2322). Data collected included demographics, treatments received, current pain and function. The relationship between pathology-defined groups and clinical outcomes was examined. Results LCA revealed four groups: 1. bursitis with limited inflammation elsewhere (n=1280); 2. bursitis with extensive inflammation (n=595); 3. rotator cuff tears (n=558); 4. limited pathology (n=567). 777 (33%) completed questionnaires; median (IQR) duration post-ultrasound scan was 25 (22, 29) months. Subsequent injections were most common in groups 1 & 2 (groups 1-4: 76%; 67%; 48%; 61%); surgery was most common in group 3 (23%; 21%; 28%; 16%). Shoulder Pain and Disability Index scores were highest in group 3 (median 48 and 30 respectively) and lowest in group 4 (32 and 9). Patients in group 4 who had surgery reported poor outcomes. Conclusion In a community-based population, ultrasound identified clusters of pathologies. Our retrospective data suggests these groups have different treatment pathways and outcomes. This requires replication in a prospective study to determine the value of a pathology-based classification in people with shoulder pain

Daily associations between sleep and physical activity : a systematic review and meta-analysis

The day-to-day variations of sleep and physical activity are associated with various health outcomes in adults, and previous studies suggested a bidirectional association between these behaviors. The daily associations between sleep and physical activity have been examined in observational or interventional contexts. The primary goal of the current systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize existing evidence about daily associations between sleep and physical activity outcomes at inter- and intra-individual level in adults. A systematic search of records in eight databases from inception to July 2019 identified 33 peer-reviewed empirical publications that examined daily sleep – physical activity association in adults. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of included studies did not support a bidirectional daily association between sleep outcomes and physical activity. Multilevel meta-analyses showed that three sleep parameters were associated with physical activity the following day: sleep quality, sleep efficiency, and wake after sleep onset. However, the associations were small, and varied in terms of direction and level of variability (e.g. inter- or intra-individual). Daytime physical activity was associated with lower total sleep time the following night at an inter-person level with a small effect size. From a clinical perspective, care providers should monitor the effects of better sleep promotion on physical activity behaviours in their patients. Future studies should examine sleep and physical activity during a longer period and perform additional sophisticated statistical analyses